10-K

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to

Commission File Number: 814-00235

Rand Capital Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


New York		16-0961359
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)

1405 Rand Building, Buffalo, NY		14203
(Address of Principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (716) 853-0802

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading

Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange

on which registered

Common Stock, $0.10 par value

RAND

Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☑	Smaller reporting company ☐
			Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicated by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 was approximately $12,260,000 based upon the closing price as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date.

As of March 10, 2023, there were 2,581,021 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Corporation’s definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-K


PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	15
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	29
Item 2.	Properties	29
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 6.	(Reserved.)	34
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	55
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	56
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	103
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	103
Item 9B.	Other Information	104
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	104
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	105
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	105
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	105
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	105
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	105
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	106
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	107

PART I

Item 1. Business

Rand Capital Corporation (“Rand”, “we”, “us” and “our”) was incorporated under the laws of New York in February 1969. We completed our initial public offering in 1971 and operated as an internally managed, closed-end, diversified, management investment company from that time until November 2019.

In November 2019, Rand completed a stock sale transaction (the “Closing”) with East Asset Management (“East”). The transaction consisted of a $25 million investment in Rand by East, in the form of cash and contributed portfolio assets, in exchange for approximately 8.3 million shares of Rand common stock. East owns approximately 64% of Rand Capital’s outstanding common stock at December 31, 2022. Concurrent with the Closing, Rand’s management and staff became employees of Rand Capital Management, LLC (“RCM”), a registered investment adviser that has been retained by Rand as its external investment adviser and administrator (the Closing and the retention of RCM as our investment adviser and administrator are collectively referred to herein as the “Transaction”). In connection with a change of control of RCM (the “Adviser Change of Control”), Rand’s shareholders approved a new investment advisory and management agreement (the “Investment Management Agreement”) with RCM at a special meeting of shareholders held on December 16, 2020 (the “Special Meeting”), the term of which has been extended after its renewal was approved by our Board of Directors (the “Board”) in November 2022 and is now set to expire December 31, 2023. The terms of the Investment Management Agreement are identical to those contained in the prior investment management agreement that was in effect prior to the Adviser Change of Control (the “Prior Investment Management Agreement”) with RCM continuing to provide investment advisory and management services to Rand. Following approval by Rand’s shareholders at the Special Meeting, Rand, on December 31, 2020, entered into the Investment Management Agreement and a new administration agreement (the “Administration Agreement”) with RCM, the term of which has been extended after its renewal was approved by our Board of Directors (the “Board”) in November 2022 and is now set to expire December 31, 2023, and terminated the prior administration agreement (the “Prior Administration Agreement”). The terms of the Administration Agreement are identical to those contained in the Prior Administration Agreement. After December 31, 2023, the Investment Management Agreement and Administration Agreement will continue automatically for successive annual periods provided that such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (i)(A) the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board or (B) the affirmative vote of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, and (ii) the affirmative vote of a majority of our directors who are not “interested persons,” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, of us, RCM or our respective affiliates. Pursuant to the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, Rand pays RCM a base management fee and may pay an incentive fee, if specified benchmarks are met.

In connection with the Closing, we also entered into a shareholder agreement by and between Rand and East (the “Shareholder Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Shareholder Agreement, East has the right to designate two or three persons, depending upon the size of the Board, for nomination for election to the Board. East has the right to designate (i) up to two persons if the size of the Board is composed of fewer than seven directors or (ii) up to three persons if the size of the Board is composed of seven or more directors. East’s right to designate persons for nomination for election to the Board under the Shareholder Agreement is the exclusive means by which East may designate or nominate persons for election to the Board. The Board currently consists of five directors, and East has designated Adam S. Gusky and Benjamin E. Godley for nomination to the Board.

We are an externally managed, closed-end, diversified management investment company. We have elected to be regulated as a business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). As a BDC, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements specified in the 1940 Act. For instance, we generally have to invest at least 70% of our total assets in “qualifying assets” and provide managerial assistance to the portfolio companies in which we invest. See “Item 1. Business—Regulations.”

Prior to 2021, we made the majority of our investments through our wholly owned subsidiary, Rand Capital SBIC, Inc. (“Rand SBIC”), which operated as a small business investment company (“SBIC”) and was licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) from 2002 to 2021. Until December 2021, Rand SBIC also operated as a BDC.

In November 2021, Rand SBIC repaid, in full, 100% of its outstanding SBA-guaranteed debentures and surrendered its SBIC license. In connection with the surrender of its SBIC license, Rand SBIC changed its name to Rand Capital Sub, Inc. (“Rand Sub”), withdrew its election to be regulated as a BDC, and merged with and into Rand Capital Sub LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rand.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, (“Annual Report”), unless the context otherwise requires, “we”, the “Corporation”, “us”, and “our” refer to Rand Capital Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

In connection with the completion of the Transaction, we have shifted to an investment strategy focused on higher yielding debt investments and elected U.S. Federal tax treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) as of January 1, 2020 on our U.S. Federal tax return for the 2020 tax year. As required for the RIC election, we paid a special dividend to shareholders to distribute all of our accumulated earnings and profits since inception to 2019. Rand’s Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $23.7 million, or approximately $1.62 per share, on March 3, 2020. The cash and shares of Rand’s common stock comprising the special dividend were distributed on May 11, 2020 to shareholders. In addition, Rand’s Board of Directors declared a 2020 cash dividend of $1.33 per share on December 21, 2020, which represented over 90% of the investment company taxable income of Rand for 2020.

The Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2021:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.10	March 15, 2021	March 29, 2021	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.10	June 2, 2021	June 16, 2021	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.10	September 2, 2021	September 16, 2021	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.10	December 20, 2021	December 31, 2021	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.04	December 20, 2021	December 31, 2021	Supplemental

The Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.15	March 14, 2022	March 28, 2022	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.15	June 1, 2022	June 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.15	September 1, 2022	September 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.20	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.18	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Supplemental

In order to qualify to make the RIC election, Rand placed several of its equity investments in newly formed holding companies that facilitate a tax structure that is advantageous to the RIC election. Rand has the following wholly owned blocker companies in place at December 31, 2022: Rand BMP Swanson Holdings Corp., Rand Carolina Skiff Holdings Corp., Rand DSD Holdings Corp., Rand Filterworks Holdings Corp., Rand FSS Holdings Corp., Rand ITA Holdings Corp., and Rand Somerset Holdings Corp. (the “Blocker Corps”). These subsidiaries are consolidated using United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for financial reporting purposes.

Rand effected a 1-for-9 reverse stock split of its common stock effective May 21, 2020. The reverse stock split affected all issued and outstanding shares of Rand’s common stock, including shares held in treasury. The reverse stock split reduced the number of issued and outstanding shares of Rand’s common stock from 23,845,470 shares and 23,304,424 shares, respectively, to 2,648,916 shares and 2,588,800 shares, respectively. The reverse stock split affected all shareholders uniformly and did not alter any shareholder’s percentage interest in Rand’s outstanding common stock, except for adjustments for fractional shares.

On October 7, 2020, Rand, RCM and certain of their affiliates received an exemptive order for relief from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to permit Rand to co-invest in portfolio companies with certain affiliates, including other BDCs and registered investment companies, managed by RCM and certain of

its affiliates in a manner consistent with Rand’s investment objective, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). On March 29, 2021, the SEC granted Rand, Callodine Group, LLC (“Callodine”), and certain of their affiliates a new exemptive order (the “New Order”) that superseded the Order and permits Rand to co-invest with affiliates managed by RCM and Callodine. Callodine (www.callodine.com) is a yield focused asset management platform. The New Order was sought in connection with the completion of the Adviser Change of Control. After the Adviser Change of Control, Callodine held a controlling interest in RCM. Pursuant to the New Order, Rand is generally permitted to co-invest with affiliates covered by the New Order if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of Rand’s independent directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to Rand and its shareholders and do not involve overreaching of Rand or its shareholders on the part of any person concerned, (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of Rand’s shareholders and is consistent with Rand’s investment objective and strategies and (3) the investment by Rand’s affiliates would not disadvantage Rand, and Rand’s participation would not be on a basis different from or less advantageous than that on which Rand’s affiliates are investing. In addition, on September 6, 2022, the SEC granted an amendment to the New Order to permit Rand to participate in follow-on investments in our existing portfolio companies with certain Affiliated Funds (as defined in the New Order) that do not hold any investments in such existing portfolio companies.

Our corporate office is located in Buffalo, NY and our website address is www.randcapital.com. We make available on our website our annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with the SEC. Our shares are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RAND.”

Our Investment Objectives and Strategy

Our investment activities are managed by our external investment adviser, RCM. Our investment objective is to generate current income and, when possible, complement this current income with capital appreciation. As a result, the investments made by Rand during 2022 were, and the investments to be made by Rand in the future, are expected to be made primarily in debt instruments. At times when excess cash is available, we may also invest in high yielding publicly traded equity instruments that provide income through dividends and are relatively more liquid than our private company equity investments based on our available cash and projected cash needs.

We expect to co-invest in privately held, lower middle market companies with committed and experienced management in a broad variety of industries. We seek to invest in early to later stage businesses that have sustainable, differentiated and market-accepted products and have revenue of more than $2 million and a clear path to free cash flow or are already generating up to $5 million in EBITDA. We provide funding to companies that need growth or expansion capital or are looking to finance an ownership transition. We typically are a minority investor and work with other lenders, investment partners and sponsors to source and fund investment opportunities.

Prospectively, our typical investment is expected to be in the range of $2 million to $4 million in any one portfolio company. The debt we invest in is not expected to be rated by a rating agency and, if it were, would be below investment grade. Because of the higher risk nature of our investments, we require board observation or informational rights and may require a board seat.

The maximum size of our investment in one individual portfolio company and the diversification of the overall portfolio holdings is subject to SEC and IRS regulations.

We may engage in various investment strategies to achieve our investment objectives based on the types of opportunities we discover and the competitive landscape. We expect to focus on current cash yields in order to achieve our income producing goals.

Our Investment Process

The investment process is comprised of the sourcing and qualifying of investment opportunities, evaluating and negotiating the investment vehicle, due diligence of the business plan, operations and prospects of the prospective investee and follow through investment monitoring, follow on investments and portfolio management.

RCM’s investment team identifies investment opportunities through a network of investment referral relationships. Investment proposals may come to RCM or us from other sources, including unsolicited proposals from companies and referrals from accountants, bankers, lawyers and other members of the financial community. We believe that RCM’s and our reputation and experience in the investment community provide a competitive advantage in originating quality investments.

In a typical private financing, a member of RCM’s investment committee (the “Investment Committee”) will review and analyze through due diligence, the business plan and operations of the potential portfolio company. Additionally, the Investment Committee will familiarize themselves with the portfolio company’s industry and competitive landscape and may conduct reference checks with its customers and suppliers. RCM’s Investment Committee will then review the transaction and, if approved, the transaction will be funded by Rand.

Following our initial investment, we may make follow-on investments to take advantage of warrants or other preferential rights granted to us to increase or maintain our position in a promising portfolio company or provide additional funds to allow a portfolio company to fully implement its business plans, develop a new line of business or recover from unexpected business problems. Follow-on investments in a portfolio company are evaluated on an individual basis by RCM’s Investment Committee.

Disposition of Investments

We may exit investments through the maturity of a debt security or when a liquidity event takes place, such as the sale, recapitalization, or initial public offering of a portfolio company. The method and timing of the disposition of our portfolio investments can be critical to the realization of maximum total return. We generally expect to dispose of our equity securities through private sales of securities to other investors or through the sale or merger of the portfolio company. We anticipate the principal amount of our debt investments will be repaid with interest and may realize further appreciation from warrants or other equity type instruments received in connection with an investment.

Current Portfolio Companies

For a description of our current portfolio company investments, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Composition of the Investment Portfolio.”

Competition

We compete for quality investments with other venture capital firms, individual investors, business development companies, and investment funds (including private equity funds and mezzanine funds). We believe we are able to compete with these entities primarily on the basis of RCM’s and our referral network, RCM’s and our investing reputation and experience, RCM’s responsive, quick, and efficient investment analysis and decision-making process, and the investment terms we offer.

For information concerning the competitive risks we face, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Employees

We do not have any employees. Our operations are managed by RCM, our investment adviser and administrator.

Effective December 1, 2021, Daniel P. Penberthy was appointed to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of Rand and Margaret Brechtel was appointed to serve as Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Rand.

We reimburse our administrator, RCM, for the allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by it in performing its obligations, on behalf of Rand, under the Administration Agreement. For a more detailed discussion of the administration agreement with RCM, see “Administration Agreement.”

Investment Advisory and Management Agreement

RCM serves as our investment adviser (the “Adviser”) under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement. The Adviser is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser manages the investment and reinvestment of our assets and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing:

(i) determines the composition of Rand’s portfolio, the nature and timing of the changes therein and the manner of implementing such changes;

(ii) identifies, evaluates and negotiates the structure of the investments;

(iii) executes, closes, services and monitors the investments;

(iv) determines the securities and other assets that we will purchase, retain or sell;

(v) performs due diligence on prospective portfolio companies and investments;

(vi) provides us with other investment advisory, research and related services that may, from time to time, be required for the investment of our assets; and

(vii) assists us in the valuation of portfolio investments.

The Adviser’s services under the Investment Management Agreement are not exclusive, and it may furnish similar services to other entities. In addition, subject to compliance with the requirements of the 1940 Act, the Adviser is authorized to enter into one or more sub-advisory agreements with other investment advisors (each a “Sub-Advisor”), including for purposes of recommending specific securities or other investments based upon our investment objectives and policies, and working, along with the Adviser, in structuring, negotiating, arranging or effecting the acquisition or disposition of our investments and monitoring our investments. Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Adviser, and not us, will be responsible for any compensation payable to any Sub-Advisor.

About the Investment Process of the Adviser

The Adviser’s principal investment portfolio manager is Daniel P. Penberthy, who manages our investment portfolio on a day-to-day basis. All decisions to acquire or dispose of assets on our behalf are made by the Adviser’s Investment Committee. Each decision must be approved by a majority vote of the Investment Committee members.

During 2022, the following Investment Committee members each had active business or investment relationships with Callodine. From January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 the Investment Committee was comprised of the following five individuals:

•

Scott Barfield;

•

Brian Collins;

•

Adam Gusky;

•

James Morrow; and

•

Daniel P. Penberthy.

We believe that each member of the Investment Committee during 2022 had significant and substantial experience making and managing investments in debt and equity instruments that are consistent with our investment objectives and strategies across market cycles and industries. We believe that the experience and investing acumen of RCM’s Investment Committee provides us with a competitive advantage in identifying, originating, investing in and managing a portfolio of investments in lower middle-market companies.

All potential investment opportunities undergo an initial informal review by members of the Investment Committee and each potential investment opportunity that is determined to have merit is then presented and evaluated at Investment Committee meetings in which the members of the Investment Committee discuss the qualities and risks of that potential investment opportunity and the pricing and structure for the investment.

Fees Paid to Adviser

Under the Investment Management Agreement, we pay the Adviser, as compensation for the investment advisory and management services, fees consisting of two components: (i) the Base Management Fee; and (ii) the Incentive Fees.

Base Management Fee

The “Base Management Fee” is calculated at an annual rate of 1.50% of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds), determined according to procedures duly adopted by the Board.

The Base Management Fee is calculated based on the average value of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds) at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters.

Incentive Fees

The “Incentive Fees” are comprised of two parts: (1) the Income Based Fee; and (2) the Capital Gains Fee.

Income Based Fee

The “Income Based Fee” is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for the immediately preceding calendar quarter and is payable promptly following the filing of our financial statements for such quarter.

Under the Investment Management Agreement, “Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income” is defined as interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees (other than fees for providing managerial assistance), such as commitment, origination, structuring, diligence and consulting fees we receive from portfolio companies) we accrue during the relevant calendar quarter, minus the operating expenses for such calendar quarter (including the Base Management Fee, expenses payable under the Administration Agreement, and any interest expense and dividends paid on any issued and outstanding preferred stock, but excluding any portion of Incentive Fee).

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income includes any accretion of original issue discount, market discount, payment-in-kind interest, payment-in-kind dividends or other types of deferred or accrued income, including in connection with zero coupon securities, that we have recognized in accordance with GAAP, but have not yet received in cash (collectively, “Accrued Unpaid Income”). Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income does not include any realized capital gains, realized and unrealized capital losses, or unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation.

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our net assets (defined as total assets less indebtedness) at the end of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is compared to a “hurdle rate”, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our net assets at the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter, of 1.75% per quarter (7% annualized). We pay the Adviser an Incentive Fee with respect to our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income in each calendar quarter as follows:

(i) no Income Based Fee in any quarter in which the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for such quarter does not exceed the hurdle rate of 1.75% (7.00% annualized);

(ii) 100% of the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for any calendar quarter with respect to that portion of the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for such calendar quarter, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.75% (7.00% annualized) but is less than 2.1875% (8.75% annualized); and

(iii) 20% of the amount of the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for any calendar quarter with respect to that portion of the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for such calendar quarter, if any, that exceeds 2.1875% (8.75% annualized).

However, the Income Based Fee paid to the Adviser shall not be in excess of the Incentive Fee Cap. The “Incentive Fee Cap” for any quarter is an amount equal to (1) 20.0% of the Cumulative Net Return (as defined below) during the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period (as defined below) minus (2) the aggregate Income Based Fee that was paid in respect of the calendar quarters included in the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period.

For purposes of the calculation of the Income Based Fee, “Income Based Fee Calculation Period” is defined as, with reference to a calendar quarter, the period of time consisting of such calendar quarter and the additional quarters that comprise the eleven calendar quarters immediately preceding such calendar quarter.

For purposes of the calculation of the Income Based Fee, “Cumulative Net Return” is defined as (1) the aggregate net investment income in respect of the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period minus (2) any Net Capital Loss, if any, in respect of the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap is zero or a negative value, we pay no Income Based Fee to the Adviser for such quarter. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter is a positive value but is less than the Income Based Fee that is payable to the Adviser for such quarter (before giving effect to the Incentive Fee Cap) calculated as described above, we pay an Income Based Fee to the Adviser equal to the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter is equal to or greater than the Income Based Fee that is payable to the Adviser for such quarter (before giving effect to the Incentive Fee Cap) calculated as described above, we pay an Income Based Fee to the Adviser equal to the Income Based Fee calculated as described above for such quarter without regard to the Incentive Fee Cap.

For purposes of the calculation of the Income Based Fee, “Net Capital Loss,” in respect of a particular period, means the difference, if positive, between (1) aggregate capital losses, whether realized or unrealized, in such period minus (2) aggregate capital gains, whether realized or unrealized, in such period.

Any Income Based Fee otherwise payable under the Investment Management Agreement with respect to Accrued Unpaid Income (such fees being the “Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees”) shall be deferred, on a security-by-security basis, and shall become payable to the Adviser only if, as, when and to the extent cash is received by us in respect of any Accrued Unpaid Income. Any Accrued Unpaid Income that is subsequently reversed by us in connection with a write-down, write-off, impairment, or similar treatment of the investment giving rise to such Accrued Unpaid Income will, in the applicable period of reversal, (1) reduce Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income and (2) reduce the amount of Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees. Subsequent payments of Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees that are deferred shall not reduce the amounts otherwise payable for any quarter as an Income Based Fee.

Capital Gains Fee

The “Capital Gains Fee” is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the Investment Management Agreement). Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Capital Gains Fee is calculated at the end of each applicable year by subtracting (1) the sum of our cumulative aggregate realized capital losses and aggregate unrealized capital depreciation from (2) our cumulative aggregate realized capital gains, in each case calculated from the effective date of the Prior Investment Management Agreement. If this amount is positive at the end of any calendar year, then the Capital Gains Fee for such year is equal to 20% of such amount, less the cumulative aggregate amount of Capital Gains Fees paid in all prior years. If such amount is negative, then there is no Capital Gains Fee payable for that calendar year. If the Investment Management Agreement is terminated as of a date that is not a calendar year end, the termination date shall be treated as though it were a calendar year end for purposes of calculating and paying the Capital Gains Fee.

For purposes of the Capital Gains Fee:

•

The cumulative aggregate realized capital gains are calculated as the sum of the differences, if positive, between (a) the net sales price of each investment in our portfolio when sold and (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

•

The cumulative aggregate realized capital losses are calculated as the sum of the amounts by which (a) the net sales price of each investment in our portfolio when sold is less than (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

•

The aggregate unrealized capital depreciation is calculated as the sum of the differences, if negative, between (a) the valuation of each investment in our portfolio as of the applicable Capital Gains Fee calculation date minus (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

The accreted or amortized cost basis of an investment shall mean, with respect to an investment owned by us as of the effective date of the Prior Investment Management Agreement, the fair value of that investment as set forth in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019, as filed with the SEC on November 7, 2019, and, with respect to an investment acquired by us subsequent to the effective date of the Prior Investment Management Agreement or the Investment Management Agreement, the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment as reflected in the our financial statements.

Example 1: Income Based Fee Calculations: *

Alternative 1

Assumptions:

Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 1.25%

Hurdle rate⁽¹⁾ = 1.75%

Base Management Fee⁽²⁾ = 0.375%

Other expenses (legal, accounting, transfer agent, etc.) = 0.20%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income (investment income – (Base Management Fee + other expenses)) = 0.675%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income does not exceed the hurdle rate, therefore there is no Income Based Fee is payable for the calendar quarter.

Alternative 2

Assumptions:

Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 2.70%

Hurdle rate⁽¹⁾ = 1.75%

Base Management Fee⁽²⁾ = 0.375%

Other expenses (legal, accounting, transfer agent, etc.) = 0.20%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income (investment income – (Base Management Fee + other expenses)) = 2.125%

Income Based Fee (subject to “catch up”)⁽³⁾ = 100.00% × (2.125% – 1.75%) = 0.375%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income exceeds the hurdle rate, but does not fully satisfy the “catch-up” provision, therefore the Income Based Fee payable for the calendar quarter is 0.375%.

Alternative 3

Assumptions:

Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 3.50%

Hurdle rate⁽¹⁾ = 1.75%

Base Management Fee⁽²⁾ = 0.375%

Other expenses (legal, accounting, transfer agent, etc.) = 0.20%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income (investment income – (Base Management Fee + other expenses)) = 2.925%

Income Based Fee (subject to “catch up”)⁽³⁾ = 100.00% × “catch-up” + (20.00% × (Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income above 2.1875%))

Catch-up = 2.1875% – 1.75% = 0.4375%

Income Based Fee = (100.00% × .4375%) + (20.00% × (2.925% – 2.1875%))

= 0.4375% + (20.00% × 0.7375%)

= 0.4375% + 0.1475%

= 0.585%

Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income exceeds the hurdle rate, and fully satisfies the “catch-up” provision, therefore the Income Based Fee payable for the calendar quarter is 0.585%.

For ease of review, (i) the hypothetical amounts of Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, investment income, Base Management Fee, other expenses, and Income Based Fee are each expressed as a percentage of total assets, though as described in greater detail above, each of these amounts are calculated as a numerical dollar amount as set forth in the Investment Management Agreement, (ii) the hypothetical amount of the Base Management Fee is assumed to be consistent from quarter to quarter, and (iii) these examples each assume that the Incentive Fee Cap is not yet in effect.

(1) Represents 7.00% annualized hurdle rate.

(2) Represents 1.50% annualized Base Management Fee.

(3) The “catch-up” provision is intended to provide the Adviser with an Income Based Fee of 20.00% on all Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income as if a hurdle rate did not apply when Rand’s Pre-Incentive Net Investment Income exceeds 1.75% in any calendar quarter.

Example 2: Capital Gains Fee Calculations:

Alternative 1

Assumptions:


Year 1:		$20.0 million investment made in Company A (“Investment A”), and $30.0 million investment made in Company B (“Investment B”)

Year 2:		Investment A sold for $50.0 million and fair market value (“FMV”) of Investment B determined to be $32.0 million

Year 3:		FMV of Investment B determined to be $25.0 million

Year 4:		Investment B sold for $31.0 million

The Capital Gains Fees, if any, would be calculated as follows:


Year 1:		None

Year 2:		Capital Gains Fee of $6.0 million — ($30.0 million realized capital gains on sale of Investment A multiplied by 20.0%)



Year 3:		None — $5.0 million (20.0% multiplied by ($30.0 million cumulative capital gains less $5.0 million cumulative capital depreciation)) less $6.0 million (previous Capital Gains Fee paid in Year 2)

Year 4:		Capital Gains Fee of $0.2 million — $6.2 million ($31.0 million cumulative realized capital gains multiplied by 20.0%) less $6.0 million (Capital Gains Fee taken in Year 2)

Alternative 2

Assumptions:


Year 1:		$20.0 million investment made in Company A (“Investment A”), $30.0 million investment made in Company B (“Investment B”) and $25.0 million investment made in Company C (“Investment C”)

Year 2:		Investment A sold for $50.0 million, FMV of Investment B determined to be $25.0 million and FMV of Investment C determined to be $25.0 million

Year 3:		FMV of Investment B determined to be $27.0 million and Investment C sold for $30.0 million

Year 4:		FMV of Investment B determined to be $35.0 million

Year 5:		Investment B sold for $20.0 million

The Capital Gains Fees, if any, would be calculated as follows:


Year 1:		None

Year 2:		$5.0 million Capital Gains Fee—20.0% multiplied by $25.0 million ($30.0 million realized capital gains on Investment A less $5.0 million unrealized capital depreciation on Investment B)

Year 3:		$1.4 million Capital Gains Fee—$6.4 million (20.0% multiplied by $32.0 million ($35.0 million cumulative realized capital gains less $3.0 million unrealized capital depreciation)) less $5.0 million Capital Gains Fee received in Year 2

Year 4:		$0.6 million Capital Gains Fee—$7.0 million (20.0% multiplied by $35.0 million cumulative realized capital gains) less cumulative $6.4 million Capital Gains Fee received in Year 2 and Year 3

Year 5:		None — $5.0 million (20.0% multiplied by $25.0 million (cumulative realized capital gains of $35.0 million less realized capital losses of $10.0 million)) less $7.0 million cumulative Capital Gains Fee paid in Year 2, Year 3 and Year 4

Payment of Expenses

Under the terms of Investment Management Agreement, all investment professionals of the Adviser and its staff, when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory services to us, and the compensation of such personnel and the general office and facilities and overhead expenses incurred by the Adviser in maintaining its place of business allocable to these services, are provided, and paid for by the Adviser and not by us. We will bear all other costs and expenses of its operations and transactions, related to the Corporation, including those relating to:

(i) organization;

(ii) calculating our net asset value (including the cost and expenses of any independent valuation firm);

(iii) expenses incurred by the Adviser payable to third parties, including agents, consultants or other advisors, in monitoring financial and legal affairs and in monitoring our investments and performing due diligence on prospective portfolio companies;

(iv) interest payable on debt, if any, incurred to finance our investments;

(v) offerings of our common stock and other securities;

(vi) investment advisory and management fees payable under the Investment Management Agreement, but excluding any fees payable to any Sub-Adviser;

(vii) administration fees payable under the Administration Agreement;

(viii) transfer agent and custodial fees;

(ix) federal and state registration fees;

(x) all costs of registration and listing our shares on any securities exchange;

(xi) federal, state and local taxes;

(xii) directors’ fees and expenses;

(xiii) costs of preparing and filing reports or other documents required by governmental bodies (including the SEC);

(xiv) costs of any reports, proxy statements or other notices to shareholders, including printing costs;

(xv) our allocable portion of the fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums;

(xvi) direct costs and expenses of administration, including independent auditors and outside legal costs; and

(xvii) all other expenses incurred by us or the Adviser in connection with administering our business (including payments under the Administration Agreement based upon our allocable portion of the Adviser’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent and the allocable portion of the cost of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs (including travel expenses)).

Indemnification under the Investment Management Agreement

The Investment Management Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, the Adviser, its members and their respective officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person affiliated with any of them (collectively, the “Indemnified Parties”), are entitled to indemnification from us for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) incurred by the Indemnified Parties in or by reason of any pending, threatened or completed action, suit, investigation or other proceeding (including an action or suit by or in the right of us or our security holders) arising out of or otherwise based upon the performance of any of the Adviser’s duties or obligations under the Investment Management Agreement or otherwise as an investment adviser.

Duration and Termination

The Investment Management Agreement was executed on December 31, 2020 and had an initial term of two years after this date. Our Board approved the Investment Management Agreement on October 29, 2020 and it was approved by our shareholders at the Special Meeting held on December 16, 2020. Thereafter, the Investment Management Agreement will continue to renew automatically for successive annual periods so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by:

(i) the vote of our Board, or by the vote of shareholders holding a majority of the outstanding voting securities of Rand; and

(ii) the vote of a majority of our independent directors, in either case, in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act.

On November 12, 2022, our Board, including all four independent directors, approved the renewal of the Investment Management Agreement for a period of twelve months commencing December 31, 2022.

The Investment Management Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, upon sixty days’ written notice, by: (a) vote of a majority of the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of Rand (as defined in the 1940 Act); or (b) the Adviser. Furthermore, the

Investment Management Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of its “assignment” (as such term is defined for purposes of Section 15(a)(4) of the 1940 Act). See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Our investment adviser and administrator, RCM, has the right to resign on sixty days’ notice, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement within that time, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.”

Notwithstanding the termination or expiration of the Investment Management Agreement, the Adviser will be entitled to any amounts owed as payment of the Base Management Fees and the Incentive Fees through the date of termination or expiration.

Administration Agreement

In connection with the Closing, we entered into the Prior Administration Agreement with the Adviser, and on December 31, 2020, concurrent with the execution of the Investment Management Agreement, we entered into the Administration Agreement with the Adviser. Under the terms of the Administration Agreement, the Adviser agreed to perform (or oversee, or arrange for, the performance of) the administrative services necessary for our operations, including, but not limited to, office facilities, equipment, clerical, bookkeeping, finance, accounting, compliance and record keeping services at such office facilities and such other services as the Adviser, subject to review by the Board, will from time to time determine to be necessary or useful to perform its obligations under the Administration Agreement. The Adviser will also, on our behalf, arrange for the services of, and oversee, custodians, depositories, transfer agents, dividend disbursing agents, other shareholder servicing agents, accountants, attorneys, underwriters, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks, and such other persons in any such other capacity deemed to be necessary or desirable. The Adviser makes reports to our Board regarding the performance of its obligations under the Administration Agreement and furnishes advice and recommendations with respect to such other aspects of our business and affairs as it determines to be desirable.

The Adviser is responsible for our financial and other records that are required to be maintained and prepares all reports and other materials required to be filed with the SEC or any other regulatory authority, including reports to shareholders. In addition, the Adviser assists us in determining and publishing our Net Asset Value (“NAV”), overseeing the preparation and filing of our tax returns, and the preparation and dissemination of reports to shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. The Adviser provides, on our behalf, significant managerial assistance to those portfolio companies to which we are required to provide such assistance.

In full consideration of the provision of the services of the Adviser, we reimburse the Adviser for the costs and expenses incurred by the Adviser in performing its obligations and providing personnel and facilities. Costs and expenses to be paid by us include those relating to: organization; calculating NAV (including the cost and expenses of any independent valuation firm); expenses incurred by the Adviser payable to third parties, including agents, consultants or other advisors, in monitoring our financial and legal affairs and in monitoring our investments and performing due diligence on its prospective portfolio companies; interest payable on debt, if any, incurred to finance our investments; offerings of our common stock and other securities; investment advisory and management fees (other than fees (if any) payable to a sub-advisor retained by the Adviser under the Investment Management Agreement); administration fees; transfer agent and custodial fees; federal and state registration fees; all costs of registration and listing of our common stock on any securities exchange; federal, state, local and other taxes; directors’ fees and expenses; costs of preparing and filing reports or other documents required by governmental bodies (including the SEC); costs of any reports, proxy statements or other notices to shareholders, including printing costs; our allocable portion of the fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums; direct costs and expenses of administration, including independent auditors and outside legal costs; and all other expenses incurred by us or the Adviser in connection with administering our business, including payments under the Administration Agreement based upon our allocable portion of the Adviser’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, and our allocable portion of the cost of the chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs (including travel expenses).

The Administration Agreement was executed on December 31, 2020, the same date as the Investment Management Agreement, and had an initial term of two years after that date, and thereafter will continue automatically for successive annual periods so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the Board, including a majority of the independent directors. On November 12, 2022, our Board, including all four independent directors, approved the renewal of the Administration Agreement for a period of twelve months commencing December 31, 2022. The Administration Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by vote of our directors, or by the Adviser, upon 60 days’ written notice to the other party. The Administration Agreement may not be assigned by a party without the consent of the other party.

Regulations

The following discussion is a general summary of the material laws and regulations governing BDCs. It does not purport to be a complete description of all of the laws and regulations affecting BDCs.

We have elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. Although the 1940 Act exempts a BDC from registration under the 1940 Act as a registered investment company, the 1940 Act contains significant limitations on the operations of BDCs. Among other things, the 1940 Act contains prohibitions and restrictions relating to transactions between a BDC and its affiliates, principal underwriters and affiliates of its affiliates or underwriters. The 1940 Act also prohibits a BDC from changing the nature of its business so as to cease to be, or to withdraw its election as, a BDC unless so authorized by a vote of the holders of a majority of its outstanding voting securities. BDCs are not required to maintain fundamental investment policies relating to diversification and concentration of investments within a single industry. More specifically, in order to qualify as a BDC, a company must:

(1) be a domestic company;

(2) have registered a class of its equity securities or have filed a registration statement with the SEC pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”);

(3) operate for the purpose of investing in the securities of certain types of companies, namely immature or emerging companies and businesses suffering or just recovering from financial distress. Generally, a BDC must be primarily engaged in the business of furnishing capital and providing managerial expertise to companies that do not have ready access to capital through conventional financial channels. Such companies are termed “eligible portfolio companies;”

(4) extend significant managerial assistance to such portfolio companies; and

(5) have a majority of “disinterested” directors (as defined in the 1940 Act).

Qualifying Assets

Under the 1940 Act, a BDC may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed in Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, which are referred to as qualifying assets, unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of their total assets. An eligible portfolio company is, generally, a private domestic operating company, or a public domestic operating company whose securities are not listed on a national securities exchange. In addition, any small business investment company that is licensed by the SBA and is a wholly owned subsidiary of a BDC is an eligible portfolio company.

Qualifying assets include:

(1) securities of companies that were eligible portfolio companies at the time the BDC acquired their securities;

(2) securities of bankrupt or insolvent companies that were eligible at the time of the BDC’s initial acquisition of their securities but are no longer eligible, provided that the BDC has maintained a substantial portion of its initial investment in those companies;

(3) securities received in exchange for or distributed on or with respect to any of the foregoing; and

(4) cash items, government securities and high-quality short-term debt.

The 1940 Act also places restrictions on the nature of the transactions in which, and the persons from whom, securities can be purchased in order for the securities to be considered qualifying assets.

A BDC is permitted to invest in the securities of public companies and other investments that are not qualifying assets, but those non-qualifying investments may not exceed 30% of the BDC’s total asset value at the time of the investment. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with this rule.

Managerial Assistance to Portfolio Companies

In order to count portfolio securities as qualifying assets for purposes of the 70% test discussed above, a BDC must either control the issuer of the securities or must offer to make available significant managerial assistance; except that, where the BDC purchases the securities in conjunction with one or more other persons acting together, one of the other persons in the group may make available such managerial assistance. Making available significant managerial assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the BDC, through its directors, officers or employees, offers to provide and, if accepted, does so provide, significant guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company through monitoring of portfolio company operations, selective participation in board and management meetings, consulting with and advising a portfolio company’s officers or other organizational or financial guidance.

Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company

The Corporation elected U.S. federal tax treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) as of January 1, 2020 under subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, on our U.S. Federal tax return for the 2020 tax year. In order to qualify to make the RIC election, we, among other things, distributed our previously undistributed “accumulated earnings and profits” to shareholders, through the special dividend paid to shareholders in May 2020. RIC qualifications also require meeting specified source-of-income and asset-diversification requirements. In addition, in order to maintain our RIC status, we must distribute to our shareholders, with respect of each taxable year, dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount generally at least equal to 90% of our “investment company taxable income,” which is generally equal to the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess of our realized net short-term capital gains over our realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid (the “Annual Distribution Requirement”). As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute to our shareholders. Even if we qualify as a RIC, we generally will be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income and could be subject to U.S. federal excise, state, local and foreign taxes. Additionally, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income earned on certain investments that need to remain in a taxable subsidiary in order to maintain RIC status.

We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner an amount at least equal to the sum of:

(1) 98% of our ordinary income for each calendar year;

(2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year; and

(3) any income recognized, but not distributed, in preceding years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax.

In order to maintain qualification as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes going forward, we must, among other things:

(1) meet the Annual Distribution Requirement;

(2) qualify to be regulated as a BDC or be registered as a management investment company under the 1940 Act;

(3) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock or other securities or currencies or other income derived with respect to the business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and net income derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly-traded partnership” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code); and

(4) diversify our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year:

(a) at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer (which for these purposes includes the equity securities of a “qualified publicly-traded partnership”); and

(b) no more than 25% of the value of our assets is invested in the securities, other than U.S. Government securities or securities of other RICs, (i) of one issuer, (ii) of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable tax rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses or (iii) of one or more “qualified publicly-traded partnerships”.

We may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive cash. For example, if we hold debt obligations that have original issue discount (OID) or debt instruments with payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest, we must include in income, each year, a portion of this non-cash income that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash is received by us in that taxable year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. Because any OID income or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the year of accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our shareholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash.

As long as we qualify for taxation as a RIC, distributions out of our earnings and profits to shareholders generally will be taxable to shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes, either as ordinary income or capital gains, depending upon the nature of the income giving rise to the distribution. The tax consequences to a shareholder attributable to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common stock, are complex and will depend on the facts of the shareholder’s unique circumstances.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K, the following information should be carefully considered before making an investment in our common stock. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not presently deemed material by us might also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, our NAV and the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment.

We have listed below the material risk factors applicable to us grouped into the following categories: Risks related to our Business and Structure, Risks related to our Investments, Risks related to our Indebtedness, Risks related to our Common Stock and Risks Relating to U.S. Federal Income Tax.

Risks related to our Business and Structure

We are dependent upon RCM for our future success.

Our day-to-day investment operations are managed by our investment adviser and administrator, RCM, subject to oversight by our Board. After the completion of the Transaction, we no longer have any employees, and, as a result, RCM’s investment team evaluates, negotiates, structures, closes and monitors our investments.

We depend on the diligence, skill, investment expertise and network of business contacts of RCM’s investment professionals, and the Investment Committee to source appropriate investments for us. We also depend on members of RCM’s investment team and the Investment Committee to analyze potential investments for us and monitor those investments, and on members of the Investment Committee to make investment decisions for us. Our future success depends on the continued availability of members of RCM’s investment team and the Investment Committee and the other investment professionals available to RCM. The Corporation does not have any employment agreements with key personnel of RCM, including members of the Investment Committee, and we cannot provide any assurance that unforeseen business, medical, personal or other circumstances would not lead any such individual to terminate his or her relationship with RCM. RCM may need to hire, train, supervise and manage new investment professionals to participate in our investment selection and monitoring process and may not be able to find investment professionals in a timely manner or at all. The loss of a material number of investment professionals to which RCM has access or members of the Investment Committee, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objectives as well as on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial results will depend on RCM’s skill to manage and deploy capital effectively.

Our ability to achieve long-term capital appreciation on our existing equity investments and to maintain a current cash flow from our debt investments while shifting our portfolio to contain a greater percentage of interest-yielding debt securities depends on RCM’s capability to effectively identify, invest, and manage our capital.

Accomplishing this investment objective effectively will be based on RCM’s handling of the investment process, starting with its ability to find investments that offer favorable terms and meet our investment objective. RCM will also need to monitor our portfolio companies’ performance and may be called upon to provide managerial assistance. These competing demands on their time may slow the rate of investment or the effective deployment of capital.

Even if RCM is able to grow and build on our investment portfolio, any failure by RCM to manage the growth of our portfolio effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If RCM cannot successfully manage our investment portfolio or implement our investment objectives, this could negatively impact our results of operation and financial condition.

We are subject to risks created by our highly regulated environment.

We are regulated by the SEC as a BDC and subject to the requirements applicable to BDCs under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act imposes numerous constraints on the operations of BDCs and their external advisers. Changes in the laws or regulations that govern BDCs could significantly affect our business. Regulations and laws may be changed periodically, and the interpretations of the relevant regulations and laws are also subject to change. Any change in the regulations and laws governing our business could have a material impact on our financial condition and our results of operations. Moreover, the laws and regulations that govern BDCs may place conflicting demands on the manner in which we operate, and the resolution of those conflicts may restrict or otherwise adversely affect our operations. Furthermore, any failure to comply with the requirements imposed on BDCs by the 1940 Act could cause the SEC to bring an enforcement action against us and/or expose us to claims of private litigants.

We are subject to risks created by the valuation of our portfolio investments.

At December 31, 2022, 90% of our investments are in private securities that are not publicly traded. There is typically no public market for securities of the small privately held companies in which we typically invest. Investments are valued in accordance with our established valuation policy and are stated at fair value and approved by our Board. The inputs into the determination of fair value of these investments may require significant judgment or estimation. In the absence of a readily ascertainable market value, the estimated value of our investment portfolio may differ significantly, favorably or unfavorably, from the values that would be placed on the portfolio if a ready market for the securities existed. Any changes in estimated value are recorded in the

consolidated statement of operations as “Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments.” In addition, the participation of RCM’s investment professionals in our valuation process may result in a conflict of interest as RCM’s Base Management Fee under the Investment Management Agreement is based, in part, on the value of our gross assets, and the Incentive Fees payable under the Investment Management Agreement are based, in part, on realized gains and realized and unrealized losses.

RCM, acting as our investment adviser, operates in a competitive market for investment opportunities.

RCM faces competition in effecting our investing activities from many entities including private venture capital funds, investment affiliates of large companies, wealthy individuals and other domestic or foreign investors. The competition is not limited to entities that operate in the same general geographical areas as we do. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us, including from the Small Business Administration. In addition, increased competition for attractive investment opportunities allows debtors to demand more favorable terms and offer fewer contractual protections to creditors. Some of our competitors have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we do. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we are able to offer. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure. If we choose to match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. As a regulated BDC, we are also required to disclose quarterly and annually the name and business description of our portfolio companies and the value of their portfolio securities. Most of our competitors are not subject to this public disclosure requirement or similar types of disclosure requirements. This obligation to disclose this information could hinder RCM’s ability to invest in potential portfolio companies on our behalf. Additionally, other regulations, current and future, may make us less attractive as a potential investor to a given portfolio company than a private fund that is not subject to these regulations.

There are potential conflicts of interest, including the management of other investment funds and accounts by the principals and certain members of the Investment Committee of RCM, which could impact our investment returns.

The principals and certain members of the Investment Committee of RCM manage other funds and accounts, including for entities affiliated with members of the Investment Committee. Accordingly, they have obligations to those investors, the fulfillment of which may not be in the best interests of, or may be adverse to the interests of, us or our shareholders. Although the principals, members of the Investment Committee and other professional staff of RCM are expected to devote as much time to our management as appropriate to enable RCM to perform its duties in accordance with the Investment Management Agreement, the members of the Investment Committee and investment professionals of RCM may have conflicts in allocating their time and services among RCM, on the one hand, and the other managed investment vehicles, on the other hand.

RCM, including members of its Investment Committee, may face conflicts in allocating investment opportunities between us and other investment vehicles affiliated with members of the Investment Committee that have overlapping investment objectives with ours. Although RCM, including members of the Investment Committee, and its affiliates that manage other investment portfolios will endeavor to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner in accordance with its written allocation policies and procedures, it is possible that, in the future, we may not be given the opportunity to participate in investments made by investment funds managed by RCM or members of the Investment Committee given the requirements or application of such allocation policies and procedures or if such investment is prohibited by law.

RCM and its affiliates, including some of our officers and directors, face conflicts of interest caused by compensation arrangements with us, which could result in actions that are not in the best interests of our shareholders.

RCM and its affiliates receive fees from us in return for their services, including certain incentive fees based on the performance of our investments. These fees could influence the advice provided to us. Generally, the

greater the risk assumed by us with respect to our investments, the greater the potential for growth in our assets and profits, and, correlatively, the fees payable by us to RCM under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement. These compensation arrangements could affect RCM or its affiliates’ judgment with respect to investments made by us, which allows RCM to earn increased asset management fees.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, the operating results, financial conditions or liquidity of our portfolio companies, which may negatively affect our operating results.

Beginning in March 2020, the global outbreak of COVID-19 (“coronavirus”) created significant uncertainty and economic disruption as governments took broad action to mitigate this public health crisis. As a result, the business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity of our portfolio companies have been, and may continue to be, materially and adversely affected. Specific impacts to the businesses of our portfolio companies include labor shortages, disruptions in the supply chain, delayed or reduced customer orders and sales, and delays in shipments to and from certain countries. Therefore, we have been, and may in the future be, required to restructure certain of our investments on terms that are less favorable to us to avoid potential bankruptcies and other solvency issues for our portfolio companies. A substantial negative impact to one or more of our portfolio companies resulting from the coronavirus pandemic could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to enter into transactions with our affiliates is restricted.

We are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with certain of our affiliates without the prior approval of the “required majority” of our directors as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act and, in some cases, the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act, and we will generally be prohibited from buying from, or selling to, such affiliate any securities, absent the prior approval of the “required majority” of our directors as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, including other funds or clients advised by RCM or its affiliates, which in certain circumstances could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times to the extent the transaction involves a joint investment), without prior approval of our Board and, in some cases, the SEC. If a person acquires more than 25% of our voting securities, or is otherwise deemed to control, be controlled by, or be under common control with us, we will be prohibited from buying from, or selling to, such person or certain of that person’s affiliates any securities, or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons, absent the prior approval of the SEC. For example, given East’s approximately 64% ownership position in our common stock, this prohibition impacts our ability to participate in certain transactions or investments where East is involved, including with respect to certain of the loans and other securities that were contributed to us by East as part of the consideration for East’s purchase of our common stock in the Transaction, to the extent such loans and other securities are also held by East or another one of our affiliates. Similar restrictions limit our ability to transact business with our officers or directors or their affiliates or anyone who is under common control with us. As a result of these restrictions, we may also be prohibited from buying securities from, or selling securities to, any portfolio company that is controlled by a fund managed by either RCM or its affiliates without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment or disposition opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. The analysis of whether a particular transaction constitutes a joint transaction requires a review of the relevant facts and circumstances then existing.

On October 7, 2020, we, RCM and certain of our affiliates received the Order from the SEC to permit us to co-invest in portfolio companies with certain other affiliates, including other BDCs and registered investment companies, managed by RCM and certain of its affiliates in a manner consistent with our investment objective, subject to compliance with certain conditions. On March 29, 2021, the SEC granted us, RCM, Callodine, and certain of their affiliates the New Order that supserseded the Order and permits us to co-invest with affiliates managed by RCM and Collodine. The New Order was sought in connection with the completion of the Adviser Change of Control. After the Adviser Change of Control, Callodine held a controlling interest in RCM. Pursuant to the New Order, we generally are permitted to co-invest with affiliates covered by the New Order if a “required

majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our independent directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our shareholders and do not involve overreaching of us or our shareholders on the part of any person concerned, (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our shareholders and is consistent with our investment objective and strategies, and (3) the investment by our affiliates would not disadvantage us, and our participation would not be on a basis different from or less advantageous than that on which our affiliates are investing. In addition, on September 6, 2022, the SEC granted an amendment to the New Order to permit us to participate in follow-on investments in our existing portfolio companies with certain Affiliated Funds (as defined in the New Order) that do not hold any investments in such existing portfolio companies.

In situations when co-investment with funds managed by RCM or its affiliates is not permitted under the 1940 Act and related rules, existing or future staff guidance, or the terms and conditions of the exemptive relief granted to us by the SEC, RCM and its affiliates will need to decide which client or clients (including us) will proceed with the investment. Generally, we will not be entitled to make a co-investment in these circumstances and, to the extent that a client (other than us) is granted the opportunity to proceed with the investment, we will not be permitted to participate in the investment we otherwise may have made.

RCM may be paid incentive compensation even if we incur a net loss, and we cannot recover any portion of the incentive fee previously paid.

RCM is entitled to incentive compensation under our Investment Management Agreement for each fiscal quarter under the Income Based Fee in an amount equal to a percentage of our pre-incentive fee net investment income, subject to a hurdle rate, a catch-up provision, a cap and a deferral mechanism. For purposes of calculating the Income Based Fee, our pre-incentive fee net investment income excludes realized and unrealized capital losses that we may incur in the fiscal quarter, even if such capital losses result in a net loss for that quarter. Thus, we may be required to pay RCM incentive compensation under the Income Based Fee for a fiscal quarter even if we incur a net loss for that quarter. In addition, if we pay the Capital Gains Fee and thereafter experience additional realized capital losses or unrealized capital losses, we will not be able to recover any portion of the incentive fee previously paid.

RCM’s liability is limited under the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement, and we are required to indemnify RCM against certain liabilities, which may lead RCM to act in a riskier manner on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.

Under the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement, RCM does not assume any responsibility to us other than to render the services described in the Investment Management Agreement and Administration Agreement, as applicable, and it is not responsible for any action of our Board in declining to follow RCM’s advice or recommendations. Pursuant to the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement, RCM, its members and their respective officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person affiliated with any of them are not liable to us for their acts under the Investment Management Agreement and Administration Agreement, as applicable, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard in the performance of their duties. We have agreed to indemnify, defend and protect RCM, its members and their respective officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person affiliated with any of them with respect to all damages, liabilities, costs and expenses arising out of or otherwise based upon the performance of any of RCM’s duties or obligations under the Investment Management Agreement or Administration Agreement, as applicable, or otherwise as investment adviser or administrator, as applicable, for us, and not arising out of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard in the performance of their duties under the Investment Management Agreement or the Administration Agreement. These protections may lead RCM to act in a riskier manner when acting on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.

Our investment adviser and administrator, RCM, has the right to resign on 60 days’ notice, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement within that time, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.

Our investment adviser and administrator, RCM, has the right, under both the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement, to resign at any time upon not less than 60 days’ written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If RCM resigns, we may not be able to find a new investment adviser or administrator or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption, our financial condition, business and results of operations are likely to be adversely affected and the market price of our common stock may decline. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external, the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our investment objectives may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.

If we do not invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could fail to maintain our qualification as a BDC or be precluded from investing according to our current business strategy.

As a BDC, we may not acquire any assets other than “qualifying assets” unless, at the time of and after giving effect to such acquisition, at least 70% of our total assets are qualifying assets.

We believe that most of the investments that we may acquire in the future will constitute qualifying assets. However, we may be precluded from investing in what we believe to be attractive investments if such investments are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 1940 Act. If we do not invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could violate the 1940 Act provisions applicable to BDCs. As a result of such violation, specific rules under the 1940 Act could prevent us, for example, from making follow-on investments in existing portfolio companies (which could result in the dilution of our position) or could require us to dispose of investments at inappropriate times in order to come into compliance with the 1940 Act. If we need to dispose of such investments quickly, it could be difficult to dispose of such investments on favorable terms. We may not be able to find a buyer for such investments and, even if we do find a buyer, we may have to sell the investments at a substantial loss. Any such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If we do not maintain our status as a BDC, we would be subject to regulation as a registered closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act. As a registered closed-end investment company, we would be subject to substantially more regulatory restrictions under the 1940 Act, which would significantly decrease our operating flexibility.

The fee structure under the Investment Management Agreement may induce RCM to pursue investments and incur leverage, which may not be in the best interests of the shareholders.

Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Base Management Fee is payable even if the value of our investment portfolio declines. The Base Management Fee is calculated based on the total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds), as determined according to procedures duly adopted by the Board. Accordingly, the Base Management Fee is payable regardless of whether the value of Rand’s total assets or investment portfolio has decreased during the then-current quarter and creates an incentive for RCM to incur leverage, such as borrowings under our Credit Facility, which may not be consistent with our shareholders’ interests.

The Incentive Fee payable to RCM is calculated based on a percentage of our return on invested capital. The terms of the Incentive Fee calculation may create an incentive for RCM to make investments on our behalf that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement. Unlike the Base Management Fee, the Income Based Fee is payable only if the hurdle rate is achieved. Because the portfolio earns investment income on gross assets while the hurdle rate is based on net assets, and because the use of leverage, such as borrowings under our Credit Facility, increases gross assets without any corresponding increase in net assets, RCM may be incentivized to incur leverage to grow the portfolio, which will tend to

enhance returns where our portfolio has positive returns and increase the chances that the hurdle rate is achieved. Conversely, the use of leverage may increase losses where our portfolio has negative returns, which would impair the value of our common stock.

In addition, RCM receives the Incentive Fees based, in part, upon net capital gains realized on our investments under the Capital Gains Fee. Unlike the Income Based Fee, there is no hurdle rate applicable to the Capital Gains Fee. As a result, RCM may have an incentive to invest more capital in investments that are likely to result in capital gains as compared to income producing securities. Such a practice could result in our investing in more speculative equity securities than would otherwise be the case, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during economic downturns.

We may need to raise additional capital to grow.

We may need additional capital to fund new investments and grow. We may access the capital markets periodically to issue equity securities. We are not generally able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell our common stock at a price below the then-current net asset value of our common stock if our Board determines that such sale is in the best interests of us and our shareholders, and our shareholders approve, giving us the authority to do so. Although we currently do not have such authorization, we may seek such authorization in the future.

In addition to amounts available to be borrowed under our Credit Facility, we may also issue debt securities or borrow additional amounts from financial institutions in order to obtain such additional capital, up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act permits us to issue debt securities or incur indebtedness only in amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% immediately after such issuance or incurrence. Unfavorable economic conditions could increase our funding costs and limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. A reduction in the availability of new capital could limit our ability to grow. In addition, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our net ordinary income and net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, to our shareholders to maintain our RIC election. As a result, these earnings may not be available to fund new investments if such distributions are made in cash.

If we are unable to access the capital markets or if we are unable to borrow from financial institutions, we may be unable to grow our business and execute our business strategy fully, and our earnings, if any, could decrease, which could have an adverse effect on the value of our common stock.

We are subject to cybersecurity risks and incidents that may adversely affect our operations, the operations of RCM or the companies in which we invest. A failure in our, or RCM’s, cybersecurity systems could impair our ability to conduct business and damage our business relationships, compromise or corrupt our confidential information and ultimately negatively impact business, financial condition and operating results.

Our and RCM’s operations are dependent on secure information technology systems for data processing, storage and reporting. Increased cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and more sophisticated and targeted cyber-attacks pose a risk to the security of our and RCM’s information and the information of our portfolio companies. Like other companies, we or RCM may experience threats to our data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, system failures and disruptions. If one or more of these events occurs, it could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary and other information stored in, or transmitted through, our or RCM’s computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our or RCM’s operations, which could result in damage to our or RCM’s reputation, financial losses, litigation, increased costs or regulatory penalties. Furthermore, if one of these events were to occur at one of our portfolio companies, it could impact their business, financial condition and results of operations, which could negatively impact our investment. In addition, these cyber-attacks could affect our and RCM’s computer network, our website or our other service providers (such as, but not limited to, accountants, lawyers, and transfer agents) and could result in operating disruptions or information misappropriation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and the integrity and availability of our financial information. We and RCM have

attempted to mitigate these cybersecurity risks by employing a number of processes, procedures and internal controls within our organization and RCM, but we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known and unknown threats.

We may experience fluctuations in our annual and quarterly results.

We could experience fluctuations in our annual and quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including RCM’s ability or inability to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, RCM’s transition of Rand’s portfolio to include more interest-yielding securities, the interest rate payable on the debt securities acquired and the default rate on such securities, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses and the timing of RCM’s decision to exit from certain of our investments, the degree to which we encounter competition in the markets in which we operate and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future quarters or any future fiscal years.

We are subject to risks related to corporate social responsibility.

Our business and the businesses of our portfolio companies are facing increasing public scrutiny related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) activities. We risk damage to our reputation if we fail to act responsibly in several areas, such as diversity, equity and inclusion, environmental stewardship, support for local communities, corporate governance and transparency, and having RCM consider ESG factors in their investment processes on our behalf. Failure to act responsibly with respect to ESG activities could negatively impact our reputation, our relationship with existing and future portfolio companies, and our relationships with our investors, all of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, new regulatory initiatives related to ESG could adversely affect our business and the businesses of our portfolio companies. New laws and regulations increase our regulatory burden and could make compliance more difficult and expensive, affect the manner in which we or our portfolio companies conduct our businesses and adversely affect our results of operation.

Risks related to our Investments

We have a limited number of companies in our portfolio of investments and may be subjected to greater risk if any of these companies default.

Our portfolio investment values are concentrated in a small number of companies and as such, we may experience a significant loss in our net asset value if one or more of these companies performs poorly or goes out of business. The unrealized or realized depreciation in the value of the securities of any one of these companies would negatively impact our net asset value.

The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.

RCM, on our behalf, invests, and we expect that RCM will continue, on our behalf, to invest, in portfolio companies whose securities are not publicly traded and may be subject to restrictions on resale, and as a result will be less liquid than publicly traded securities. Most of our investments are or will be either equity securities or debt securities acquired directly from small, private companies. The illiquidity of most of our portfolio may adversely affect our ability to dispose of the securities at times when it may be advantageous for us to liquidate investments. In addition, we may not realize the full value of these private investments if we have to liquidate all or a part of our portfolio investment quickly, given the lack of available markets for their sale.

Economic downturns or recessions may adversely affect our portfolio companies’ financial performance and therefore harm our operating results.

The United States economy has periodically experienced periods of instability and recessions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the financial results of the small companies in which we invest could be more acutely affected negatively by this instability and suffer deterioration in operational or financial results. This deterioration may have a negative effect on our financial performance.

Investing in private companies involves a high degree of risk.

We typically invest a substantial portion of our assets in small private companies. These private businesses may be thinly capitalized, unproven companies with risky technologies, products or services, may lack management depth, and may not have attained profitability. Because of the speculative nature and the lack of a public market for these investments, there is significantly greater risk of loss than is the case with securities traded on a public exchange. We expect that some of our investments will become worthless and that some will appear likely to become successful but will never realize their potential. We have historically been risk seeking rather than risk averse in our approach to our investments. Given the incentive compensation components of our arrangement with RCM under the Investment Management Agreement, RCM may have similar incentives to be risk seeking rather than risk averse in making its investment decisions.

Even if our portfolio companies are able to develop commercially viable technologies, products or services, the market for those new technologies, products and services is likely to be highly competitive and rapidly changing. Commercial success is difficult to predict and the marketing efforts of the portfolio companies may not be successful.

Any unrealized losses we experience in our portfolio may be an indication of future realized losses, which could reduce our income available for distribution.

As a BDC, we are required to carry our investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board. Decreases in the fair values of our investments are recorded as unrealized depreciation. Any unrealized losses in our portfolio could be an indication of a portfolio company’s inability to meet its debt repayment obligations to us with respect to the affected investments. This could result in realized losses in the future and ultimately in reductions of our income available for distribution in future periods.

We may be subject to risks associated with our origination of, or investment in, covenant-lite loans to our portfolio companies.

We have originated or invested in, and may in the future originate or invest in, covenant-lite loans to our portfolio companies, which means the loan agreement or other debt instrument governing these debt obligations contains fewer maintenance covenants than other loan agreements or debt obligations, or no maintenance covenants, and may not include covenants that we could use to monitor the financial performance of the portfolio company borrower, including covenants based upon compliance with financial ratios, and declare a default under the loan agreement or other debt instrument if the specified covenants are breached. While these loans or other debt obligations to portfolio company borrowers may still contain other collateral protections, a covenant-lite loan may carry more risk than a covenant-heavy loan made to the same portfolio company borrower as it does not require this borrower to provide affirmation that certain specific financial tests have been satisfied on a routine basis, as is generally required under a covenant-heavy loan agreement or other debt instrument. Generally, covenant-lite loans or other debt instruments provide borrowers more freedom, which may negatively impact lenders because these covenants, if any, tend to be incurrence-based, meaning they are only tested and can only be breached following an affirmative action of the borrower, rather than by deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition. Should the financial condition of a portfolio company borrower begin to deteriorate, our investment in or origination of covenant-lite loans or other debt instruments to such portfolio company borrower may potentially reduce our ability to restructure such problematic loan and mitigate potential loss. As a result of our investment in or origination of covenant-lite loans, our exposure to losses may be increased, which could result in an adverse impact on the Corporation’s revenues, net income and NAV per share.

We provide debt and equity capital primarily to small companies, which may present a greater risk of loss than providing debt and equity capital to larger companies.

Our portfolio consists primarily of debt and equity investments in small companies. Compared to larger companies, small companies generally have more limited access to capital and higher funding costs, may be in a weaker financial position and may need more capital to expand, compete and operate their business. They also typically have fewer administrative resources, which can lead to greater uncertainty in their ability to generate

accurate and reliable financial data, including their ability to deliver audited financial statements. In addition, many small companies may be unable to obtain financing from the public capital markets or other traditional sources, such as commercial banks, in part because loans made to these types of companies entail higher risks than loans made to companies that have larger businesses, greater financial resources or are otherwise able to access traditional credit sources on more attractive terms.

A variety of factors may affect the ability of borrowers to make scheduled payments on debt securities or loans, including failure to satisfy financial targets and covenants, a downturn in a borrower’s industry or changes in the economy in general. In addition, investing in small companies in general involves a number of significant risks, including that small companies:

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may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet their obligations under their debt securities that we hold, which may be accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral and a reduction in the likelihood of us realizing any guarantees we may have obtained in connection with our investment;

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typically have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which tend to render small companies more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns;

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are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on us;

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generally have less predictable operating results, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position;

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may from time to time be parties to litigation, and our executive officers, directors and our investment adviser may, in the ordinary course of business, be named as defendants in litigation arising from our investments in the portfolio companies;

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may have difficulty accessing the capital markets to meet future capital needs, which may limit their ability to grow or to repay their outstanding indebtedness upon maturity; and

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may be particularly vulnerable to changes in customer preferences and market conditions, depend on a limited number of customers, and face intense competition, including from companies with greater financial, technical, managerial and marketing resources.

Any of these factors or changes thereto could impair a small company’s financial condition, results of operation, cash flow or result in other adverse events, such as bankruptcy, any of which could limit a borrower’s ability to make scheduled payments on our debt securities. This, in turn, could result in losses in our investments and a decrease in our net interest income and net asset value per share.

We may have limited access to information about privately held companies in which we invest.

We invest primarily in privately held companies. Generally, little public information exists about these companies, and we are required to rely on the ability of RCM’s investment professionals to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential returns from investing in these companies. These companies and their financial information are not subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other rules that govern public companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, RCM may not make a fully informed investment decision, and we may lose money on our investment.

Prepayments of our debt investments by our portfolio companies could adversely impact our results of operations and reduce our returns on equity.

We are subject to the risk that investments intended to be held over long periods are, instead, repaid prior to maturity. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments that will

typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being prepaid or repay outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility that has a lower interest rate than the yield of the debt being prepared, and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. Any future investment may also be at lower yields than the debt that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our portfolio companies elects to prepay amounts owed by them. Additionally, prepayments could negatively impact our return on equity, which could result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equal with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.

We invest primarily in debt securities issued by our portfolio companies. In some cases portfolio companies are permitted to have other debt that ranks equal with, or senior to, the debt securities in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may provide that the holders thereof are entitled to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments in respect of the debt securities in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution in respect of our investment. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equal with debt securities in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company.

There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims.

Even though we may have structured certain of our investments as senior loans, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the size of our investment and the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. In addition, lenders can be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by them where they become too involved in the borrower’s business or exercise control over the borrower. It is possible that we could become subject to a lender’s liability claim, including as a result of actions taken in rendering significant managerial assistance.

We generally do not control our portfolio companies.

We do not have an expectation to control the decision making in our portfolio companies, even though we may have a board seat or board observation rights. Because of this, we are subject to the risk that our portfolio companies will make business decisions with which we disagree or will incur risks or otherwise act in ways that do not maximize their value and serve our interests as minority debt and equity holders. Due to the lack of liquidity in our investments in these private companies, we may not be able to dispose of our investment in these portfolio companies as freely as we would like or at a valuation that is appropriate. As a result, a portfolio company may make decisions that would decrease the value of our portfolio holdings.

We typically are a minority shareholder in our portfolio companies in which we have made equity investments.

In connection with equity investments, we typically invest as a minority shareholder in our portfolio companies. As a minority shareholder, we are unable to require the company to seek or entertain liquidity events as a way to exit our investments. This may cause us to hold equity investments longer than planned or to seek a sale that may not reflect the full value of our equity investment.

We may not have the funds or ability to make follow-on investments in our portfolio companies.

We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies. After our initial investment in a company, we may be asked to participate in another round of financing by the company.

There is no assurance that we will make, have sufficient funds to make or be permitted to make under the 1940 Act, these follow-on investments. Any decision to not make an additional investment in a portfolio company may have a negative impact on the portfolio company in need of the capital and have a negative impact on our investment in the company.

Risks related to our Indebtedness

We may borrow additional money, which would magnify the potential for loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing with us.

We have outstanding existing indebtedness and, subject to the limitations imposed under our Credit Agreement, may in the future borrow additional money under our Credit Facility with M&T Bank, as lender, which magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing with us. Our ability to service our existing and potential future debt depends largely on our financial performance, which is impacted by the financial performance of our portfolio companies, and is subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures.

If the fair value of our consolidated assets decreases while we have debt outstanding, leveraging would cause our NAV to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. In addition, if the fair value of our consolidated assets declines substantially, we may fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios imposed upon us by the 1940 Act or our Lender. Similarly, any decrease in our consolidated income while we have debt outstanding would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to pay distributions to shareholders and the price of our common stock.

Because we often borrow money to make our investments, if market interest rates were to increase, our cost of capital under our Credit Facility could increase, which could reduce our net investment income.

Because we often borrow money to make investments, our net investment income will depend, in part, upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds under our Credit Facility to make an investment and the rate at which we invest those funds. As a result, a significant change in market interest rates may have a material adverse effect on our net investment income in the event we use debt to finance our investments. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds would increase, which could reduce our net investment income.

Provisions in our Credit Facility or any other future borrowing facility limit our discretion in operating our business.

The Credit Facility is, and any future borrowing facility may be, backed by all of our portfolio company investments on which the lenders will or, in the case of a future facility, may have a security interest. We expect that any security interests we grant will be set forth in a pledge and security agreement and evidenced by the filing of financing statements by the agent for the lenders. If we were to default under the terms of any debt instrument, including under the Credit Facility, the agent for the lenders would be able to assume control of the timing of disposition of any or all of our assets securing such debt, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, any security interests as well as negative covenants under the Credit Facility or any other borrowing facility may limit our ability to create liens on assets to secure additional debt and may make it difficult for us to restructure or refinance indebtedness at or prior to maturity or obtain additional debt or equity financing. In addition, if our borrowing base under the Credit Facility or any other borrowing facility were to decrease, we would be required to secure additional assets in an amount equal to any borrowing base deficiency. In the event that all of our assets are secured at the time of such a borrowing base deficiency, we could be required to repay advances under the Credit Facility or any other borrowing facility, which could have a material adverse impact on our ability to fund future investments and to make distributions to shareholders.

An event of default under the Credit Facility or any other borrowing facility could result in an accelerated maturity date for all amounts outstanding thereunder, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. This could reduce our liquidity and cash flows and impair our ability to grow our business and maintain our qualification as a RIC.

Risks related to our Common Stock

East exercises significant influence over us in connection with its ownership of our common stock.

East beneficially owns approximately 64% of Rand’s outstanding common stock. As a result, East is able to direct the outcome of any matters submitted for shareholder action, including approval of significant corporate transactions, such as amendments to our governing documents, business combinations, consolidations, and mergers. East has substantial influence on us and could exercise its influence in a manner that conflicts with the interests of other shareholders. The presence of a significant shareholder may also have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or for the Board to discourage a third party from seeking to acquire us.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Shareholder Agreement, East has the right to designate two or three persons, depending upon the size of the Board, for nomination for election to the Board. East has the right to designate (i) up to two persons if the size of the Board is composed of fewer than seven directors; or (ii) up to three persons if the size of the Board is composed of seven or more directors. Under the terms of the Shareholder Agreement, East has designated Adam S. Gusky and Benjamin E. Godley for nomination for election to the Board. The designation right provided to East under the terms of the Shareholder Agreement provides East with a significant presence on the Board and direct influence on matters presented to the Board, although all directors, whether or not nominated by East, owe fiduciary duties to all shareholders.

Our shares often trade at a discount to our net asset value.

Shares of business development companies may trade at a market price that is less than the net asset value that is attributable to those shares and our shares have often traded at such a discount. This characteristic of closed-end investment companies is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. It is not possible to predict if, or when, our shares will trade at, above, or below net asset value.

Investing in our shares may be inappropriate for an investor’s risk tolerance.

Our investments, in accordance with our investment objective and principal strategies, result in a greater than average amount of risk and volatility and may result in loss of principal. Our investments in portfolio companies are often highly speculative and aggressive and, therefore, an investment in our shares may not be suitable for investors for whom such risk is inappropriate. Neither our investments nor an investment in our shares constitutes a balanced investment program.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the availability of such securities for sale, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for our common stock.

Risks related to U.S. Federal Income Tax

In connection with our RIC election, we may not be able to pay distributions to our shareholders, our distributions may not grow over time and a portion of our distributions may be a return of capital.

In connection with our RIC election, we intend to continue to pay distributions in the form of cash dividends to our shareholders out of assets legally available for distribution. However, we cannot assure shareholders that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or results in year over year increases in cash distribution amounts. Our ability to pay distributions might be adversely affected by, among other things, the impact of one or more of the risk factors described herein. In addition, the inability to satisfy the asset coverage test applicable to us as a BDC can limit our ability to pay distributions. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our RIC status, compliance with applicable BDC regulations and state corporate law requirements and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant from time to time. We cannot assure shareholders that we will pay distributions on our common stock in the future.

When we make distributions, we are required to determine the extent to which such distributions are paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of an investor’s basis in our stock and, assuming that an investor holds our stock as a capital asset, thereafter as a capital gain. Generally, a non-taxable return of capital will reduce an investor’s basis in our stock for federal tax purposes, which will result in higher tax liability when the stock is sold. Shareholders should read any written disclosure accompanying a distribution carefully and should not assume that the source of any distribution is our ordinary income or gains.

In connection with our RIC Election, we will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to satisfy certain RIC qualification requirements under Subchapter M of the Code or do not satisfy the annual distribution requirement.

No assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain RIC status, and we will be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax if we are unable to maintain qualification as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to satisfy the requirements for RIC tax treatment, we must meet the following annual distribution, income source and asset diversification requirements to be relieved of federal taxes on income and gains distributed to our shareholders.

•

The annual distribution requirement for a RIC will be satisfied if we distribute to our shareholders on an annual basis at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. If we are unable to obtain cash from sources in order to make these distributions, we could fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax.

•

The income source requirement will only be satisfied if we obtain at least 90% of our income for each year from dividends, interest, gains from the sale of stock or securities or similar sources.

•

The asset diversification requirement will only be satisfied if we meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each quarter of our taxable year. To satisfy this requirement, at least 50% of the value of our assets must consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and investments in other securities that, with respect to one issuer, do not represent more than 5% of our total assets or 10% of the voting securities of the issuer; and no more than 25% of the value of our assets can be invested in the securities, other than U.S. Government securities or securities of other regulated investment companies, of one issuer, of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable Code rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses or of certain “qualified publicly traded partnerships.” Failure to meet these requirements may result in our having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of regulated investment company status. Because most of our investments will be in private companies, and therefore will be relatively illiquid, any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices and could result in substantial losses.

If we fail to satisfy certain RIC qualification requirements under Subchapter M of the Code or to meet the annual distribution requirement for any reason and are subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions, if any. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on us and our shareholders.

In connection with our RIC Election, we may have difficulty paying required distributions to shareholders if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income.

In connection with our RIC Election, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses to maintain our eligibility for RIC tax treatment. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we include in taxable income certain amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as contracted payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest, which represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of the loan term. The increases in loan balances as a result of contracted PIK arrangements are included in income in advance of receiving cash payment

and are separately identified on our consolidated statements of cash flows. We also may be required to include in income certain other amounts that we will not receive in cash.

Any warrants that we receive in connection with our debt investments will generally be valued as part of the negotiation process with the particular portfolio company. As a result, a portion of the aggregate purchase price for the debt investments and warrants will be allocated to the warrants that we receive. This will generally result in our debt instruments having original issue discount (“OID”) for tax purposes, which we must recognize as ordinary income as such original issue discount accrues regardless of whether we have received any corresponding payment of such discount. Other features of debt instruments that we hold may also cause such instruments to generate original issue discount.

Since in certain cases we may recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we could have difficulty meeting the requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses to maintain our eligibility for RIC tax treatment. Accordingly, we may have to use cash on hand or sell some of our assets, raise additional equity capital or reduce new investment originations to meet these distribution requirements. If we do not have sufficient cash on hand or are unable to obtain cash from other sources to satisfy such distribution requirements, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus may become subject to corporate-level income tax.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties

We do not own any real estate or other physical properties. Our corporate headquarters is located at 14 Lafayette Square, Suite 1405, Buffalo NY.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Shareholders of Record

On March 2, 2023, we had a total of approximately 1,065 shareholders, which included 48 record holders of our common stock, and an estimated 1,017 holders with shares beneficially owned in nominee name or under clearinghouse positions of brokerage firms or banks.

Share Price Data

Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RAND.” Our common stock has historically traded at prices both above and below our net asset value per share. It is not possible to predict whether our common stock will trade at, above or below net asset value. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Common Stock - Our shares often trade at a discount to our net asset value.”

The following table sets forth, for each fiscal quarter for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the net asset value per share of our common stock, the range of high and low closing sales prices of our common stock, the closing sales price as a premium (discount) to net asset value and the dividends or distributions declared by us.


	Net Asset Value (1)		Price Range				High Sales Price Premium (Discount) to Net Asset Value (2)			Low Sales Price Premium (Discount) to Net Asset Value (2)			Cash Dividend Per Share
	Net Asset Value (1)		High		Low		High Sales Price Premium (Discount) to Net Asset Value (2)			Low Sales Price Premium (Discount) to Net Asset Value (2)			Cash Dividend Per Share
Year ended December 31, 2021
First Quarter	$	20.87	$	19.00	$	14.06		(8.96	%)		(32.63	%)	$	0.10
Second Quarter	$	22.51	$	18.96	$	16.54		(15.77	%)		(26.52	%)	$	0.10
Third Quarter	$	23.31	$	26.98	$	15.64		15.74	%		(32.90	%)	$	0.10
Fourth Quarter	$	23.54	$	17.60	$	15.01		(25.23	%)		(36.24	%)	$	0.14
Year ended December 31, 2022
First Quarter	$	23.23	$	17.49	$	13.71		(24.71	%)		(40.98	%)	$	0.15
Second Quarter	$	22.34	$	15.90	$	14.00		(28.83	%)		(37.33	%)	$	0.15
Third Quarter	$	22.62	$	18.80	$	13.04		(16.89	%)		(42.35	%)	$	0.15
Fourth Quarter	$	22.36	$	16.92	$	13.29		(24.33	%)		(40.56	%)	$	0.38

(1)	Net asset value per share is determined as of the last day in the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low closing sales prices. The net asset values shown are based on outstanding shares at the end of the relevant quarter.

(2)	Calculated as the respective high or low closing sales price less net asset value, divided by net asset value (in each case, as of the applicable quarter).

Dividends

We have elected U.S. federal tax treatment as a RIC as of January 1, 2020 on our U.S. Federal tax return for the 2020 tax year. In order to qualify as a RIC, among other things, we are required to meet certain source of income and asset diversification requirements and timely distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our investment company taxable income, as defined in Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code, for each tax year. If we make the requisite distributions to our shareholders, this will generally relieve us from any requirement to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes with respect to all income distributed to our shareholders.

Our dividends, if any, are determined by our Board. Rand’s Board declared a special dividend of $23.7 million, or approximately $1.62 per share, on March 3, 2020. The cash and shares of Rand’s common stock comprising the special dividend were distributed on May 11, 2020 to shareholders.

The Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.15	March 14, 2022	March 28, 2022	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.15	June 1, 2022	June 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.15	September 1, 2022	September 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.20	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.18	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Supplemental

Share Repurchase Program


Period	Total number of shares purchased (1)		Average price paid per share (2)		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan (3)		Maximum dollar amount of shares that may yet be purchased under the share repurchase program (3)
10/1/2022 – 10/31/2022		—	$	—		—	$	1,500,000
11/1/2022 – 11/30/2022		—	$	—		—	$	1,500,000
12/1/2022 – 12/31/2022		—	$	—		—	$	1,500,000

Total		—	$	—		—

(1)	There were no shares repurchased, in open market transactions, during the fourth quarter of 2022.

(2)	The average price paid per share is calculated on a settlement basis and includes commission.

(3)

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder returns for our common stock, the Nasdaq Market Index, the S&P BDC Index, and our peer group, assuming a base index of $100 at the end of 2017. The cumulative total return for each annual period within the five years presented is measured by dividing (1) the sum of (A) the cumulative amount of dividends for the measurement period, assuming dividend reinvestment, and (B) the difference between share prices at the end and at the beginning of the measurement period by (2) the share price at the beginning of the measurement period.

Comparison of 5 Year Cumulative Total Return

Assumes Initial Investment of $100

December 2022

LOGO

Comparison of cumulative total return of one or more companies, peer groups, industry indexes and/or broad markets

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,


Company/Index/Market	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
Rand Capital Corporation	$	100.00	$	82.81	$	88.88	$	126.97	$	125.75	$	104.31
NASDAQ Market Index	$	100.00	$	97.16	$	132.81	$	192.47	$	235.15	$	158.65
S&P BDC Index	$	100.00	$	92.99	$	119.18	$	108.64	$	149.29	$	135.27
Peer Group Index	$	100.00	$	111.53	$	107.07	$	82.21	$	108.42	$	95.30

Our peer group is comprised of the following companies:

Great Elm Capital Corp. (NasdaqGM: GECC)

Investcorp Credit Management BDC Inc. (NasdaqGS: ICMB)

Oxford Square Capital Corp. (NasdaqGM: OXSQ)

Portman Ridge Financial Corp (NasdaqGS: PTMN)

We selected the peer group for the year ending December 31, 2021 because we believed that the issuers included in this group had investment objectives that were similar to ours, as they are each an externally managed BDC that pays a regular cash dividend. For the year ending December 31, 2022, we utilized the Nasdaq Market Index and S&P BDC Index for our stock performance graph.

The performance graph information provided above will not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulations 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act, unless in the future we specifically request that the information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Exchange Act.

Fees and Expenses

The following table is intended to assist you in understanding the fees and expenses that an investor in our common stock will bear, directly or indirectly. We caution you that some of the percentages indicated in the table below are estimates and may vary. The following table should not be considered a representation of our future expenses. Actual expenses may be greater or less than shown. Except where the context suggests otherwise, whenever this Form 10-K contains a reference to fees or expenses, paid by “us” or that “we” will pay fees or expenses, our shareholders will indirectly bear such fees or expenses as investors in us.


Shareholder transaction expenses (as a percentage of offering price):
Sales load	—	(1)
Offering expenses	—	(2)

Total shareholder transaction expenses	—
Annual expenses (as a percentage of net assets attributable to common stock):
Base Management Fees	1.90	% (3)
Incentive Fees	0.58	% (4)
Interest payments on borrowed funds	1.80	% (5)
Other expenses	2.77	% (6)

Total annual expenses	7.05	%

(1)	In the event that the securities are sold to or through underwriters or agents, the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement will disclose the applicable sales load (underwriting discount or commission) to be borne by us and our shareholders.

(2)	The applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by us as a percentage of the offering price.

(3)

We are externally managed by RCM, and the Base Management Fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1.50% of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds). Consequently, if we have borrowings outstanding, the Base Management Fee as a percentage of net assets attributable to common shares would be higher than if we did not utilize leverage.

(4)

The portion of Incentive Fees paid with respect to net investment income and capital gains, if any, is based on actual amounts incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 and paid during the first quarter of 2023. Such Incentive Fees are based on performance, vary from period to period and are not paid unless our performance exceeds specified thresholds. Incentive Fees in respect of net investment income do not include incentive fees in respect of net capital gains. See “Item 1. Business — Incentive Fees.” As we cannot predict our future net investment income or capital gains, the Incentive Fee paid in future periods, if any, may be substantially different than the fee reported during the year ended December 31, 2022.

(5)

Assumes borrowings representing approximately 14% of our average net assets at an average annual interest rate of 8.0%. The amount of leverage that we may employ at any particular time will depend on, among other things, our Board’s and RCM’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing.

(6)	Other expenses in this table represents our estimated operating expenses and income tax expenses for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Example

The following example demonstrates the projected dollar amount of total cumulative expenses that would be incurred over various periods with respect to a hypothetical investment in our common stock. In calculating the following expense amounts, we have assumed that our interest payments on borrowed funds, capital gains incentive fees paid, and other annual operating expenses would remain at the levels set forth in the table above. The example assumes that all dividends and other distributions are reinvested at NAV.


	1 year		3 years		5 years		10 years
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 common stock investment, assuming a 5% annual return	$	104	$	301	$	480	$	856

While the example assumes, as required by the SEC, a 5% annual return, our performance will vary and may result in a return greater or less than 5%. Assuming a 5% annual return, the Income Based Fee under the Investment Management Agreement may not be earned or payable and is not included in the example. If we achieve sufficient returns on our investments to trigger the Income Based Fee of a material amount, our expenses, and returns to our investors, would be higher.

This example and the expenses in the table above should not be considered a representation of our future expenses, and actual expenses (including the cost of debt, if any, and other expenses) may be greater or less than those shown.

Item 6.

(Reserved.)

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included within Item 8 of this Annual Report.

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and elsewhere in this report that do not relate to present or historical conditions are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of that term in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Additional oral or written forward-looking statements may be made by us from time to time, and forward-looking statements may be included in documents that are filed with the SEC. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, statements relating to our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations and intentions, including statements related to our investment strategies and our intention to co-invest with certain of our affiliates; the impact of our election as a RIC for U.S. federal tax purposes on the payment of corporate level U.S. federal income taxes by Rand; statements regarding our liquidity and financial resources; statements regarding any capital gains fee that may be due to RCM upon a hypothetical liquidation of our portfolio and the amount of the capital gains fee that may be payable for 2022; and statements regarding our compliance with the RIC requirements as of December 31, 2022, and future dividend payments are intended to be made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believes,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “possible,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” or “plans” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Among the important factors on which such statements are based are assumptions the state of the United States economy and the local markets in which our portfolio companies operate, the state of the securities markets in which the securities of our portfolio companies could be traded, liquidity within the United States financial markets, and inflation. Forward-looking statements are also subject to the risks and uncertainties described under the caption “Risk Factors” contained in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report.

There may be other factors not identified that affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date when it is made and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances. New factors emerge from time to time that may cause our business not to develop as we expect, and we cannot predict all of them.

Overview

We are an externally managed investment company that lends to and invests in lower middle market companies. At times when excess cash is available, we also invest in high yielding publicly traded equity securities. Our investment objective is to generate current income and when also possible, capital appreciation, by targeting investment opportunities with favorable risk-adjusted returns. Our investment activities are managed by our investment adviser, Rand Capital Management, LLC (“RCM”).

We have elected to be regulated as a business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). As a BDC, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements specified in the 1940 Act. Prior to 2020, we made the majority of our investments through our wholly owned subsidiary, Rand Capital SBIC, Inc. (“Rand SBIC”), which operated as a small business investment company (“SBIC”) and had been licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) since 2002. In November 2021, Rand SBIC repaid its $11,000,000 in outstanding debentures to the SBA. In addition, in November 2021, Rand SBIC received approval from the SBA to surrender its SBA license. In connection with the surrender of its SBIC license, Rand SBIC changed its name to Rand Capital Sub, Inc. (“Rand Sub”), withdrew its election to be regulated as a BDC, and merged with and into Rand Capital Sub LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rand. All of our investments going forward are expected be made out of Rand Capital Corporation (the “Corporation”, “we” or “Rand”).

In November 2019, Rand completed a stock sale transaction (the “Transaction”) with East Asset Management (“East”). The Transaction consisted of a $25 million investment in Rand by East, in exchange for approximately 8.3 million shares of Rand common stock. Concurrent with the closing of the Transaction with East on November 8, 2019, Rand entered into an investment advisory and management agreement (the “Prior Investment Management Agreement”) and an administration agreement (the “Prior Administration Agreement”) with RCM. In connection with retaining RCM as our investment adviser and administrator, Rand’s management and staff became employees of RCM.

In December 2020, Rand’s shareholders approved a new investment advisory and management agreement (the “Investment Management Agreement”) with RCM at a special meeting of shareholders (the “Special Meeting”). The approval was required because Callodine Group, LLC (“Callodine”) planned to acquire a controlling interest in RCM, which was, at that time, majority owned by East (the “Adviser Change of Control”). The terms of the Investment Management Agreement are identical to those contained in the Prior Investment Management Agreement, with RCM continuing to provide investment advisory and management services to Rand following the Adviser Change of Control. Following approval by Rand’s shareholders at the Special Meeting, Rand, on December 31, 2020, entered into the Investment Management Agreement and a new administration agreement (the “Administration Agreement”) with RCM and terminated the Prior Administration Agreement. The terms of the Administration Agreement are identical to those contained in the Prior Administration Agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, Rand pays RCM a base management fee and may pay an incentive fee if specified benchmarks are met.

We elected U.S federal tax treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) as of January 1, 2020, under subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, on our timely filed U.S. Federal tax return for the 2020 tax year. To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain

source of income and asset diversification requirements. As of December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with the RIC requirements. As a RIC, we generally will not be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any net ordinary income or capital gains that we timely distribute to our shareholders as dividends.

In connection with our RIC election, we paid a special dividend of $23.7 million, or approximately $1.62 per share, on the Corporation’s common stock, par value $0.10 per shares (the “Common Stock”), in cash and stock to shareholders on May 11, 2020, which distributed all of our accumulated earnings and profits since our inception through 2019. The total amount of cash distributed to all shareholders, as part of the special dividend, was limited to $4.8 million, or 20% of the total special dividend that was paid. The remaining 80% of the special dividend was paid using approximately 8.6 million shares of the Corporation’s common stock.

The Rand Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.15	March 14, 2022	March 28, 2022	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.15	June 1, 2022	June 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.15	September 1, 2022	September 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.20	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.18	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Supplemental

We intend to co-invest, subject to the conditions included in the exemptive relief order we received from the SEC, with certain of our affiliates. See “SEC Exemptive Order” below. We believe these types of co-investments are likely to afford us additional investment opportunities and provide an ability to achieve greater diversification in our investment portfolio.

SEC Exemptive Order

On October 7, 2020, Rand, RCM and certain of their affiliates received an exemptive order from the SEC to permit the Corporation to co-invest in portfolio companies with certain affiliates, including other BDCs and registered investment companies, managed by RCM and certain of its affiliates in a manner consistent with the Corporation’s investment objective, positions, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). On March 29, 2021, the SEC granted Rand, RCM, Callodine, and certain of their affiliates a new exemptive order (the “New Order”) that superseded the Order and permits Rand to co-invest with affiliates managed by RCM and Callodine. The New Order was sought in connection with the completion of the Adviser Change of Control. After the Adviser Change of Control, Callodine held a controlling interest in RCM. Pursuant to the New Order, the Corporation is generally permitted to co-invest with affiliates covered by the New Order if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of Rand’s independent directors makes certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to Rand and its shareholders and do not involve overreaching in respect of Rand or its shareholders on the part of any person concerned, (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of the Rand’s shareholders and is consistent with Rand’s investment objective and strategies and (3) the investment by Rand’s affiliates would not disadvantage Rand, and Rand’s participation would not be on a basis different from or less advantageous than that on which Rand’s affiliates are investing. In addition, on September 6, 2022, the SEC granted an amendment to the New Order to permit us to participate in follow-on investments in our existing portfolio companies with certain Affiliated Funds (as defined in the New Order) that do not hold any investments in such existing portfolio companies.

Outlook

Rand’s strategy is to continue to grow and scale its business by focusing on debt and related equity investments in privately-held, lower middle market companies to drive investment income growth in order to

increase the dividend paid to its shareholders. During 2022, we paid total dividends of $0.83 per share, which included a $0.18 per share supplemental dividend. This total represented an increase of nearly 90% over our 2021 distributions. Given our strong performance during the year, we raised our regular quarterly cash dividend by 33%, or $0.05 per share, to $0.20 per share in the fourth quarter of 2022.

We began 2022 with $834 thousand in cash. During the past year, we monetized some equity investments, exited some of our publicly traded securities and had loan repayments that provided approximately $5.2 million of cash proceeds. In total, we put approximately $7.0 million of available cash to work during 2022, primarily in income producing investments to increase our investment income. Also, in support of our strategy, we added a new source of capital by securing a $25 million senior secured revolving credit facility during the second quarter of 2022. At the end of 2022, having put our capital to work and distributing $2.1 million in cash to shareholders, we had $1.4 million in cash on hand and $19.3 million of availability on the credit facility for future investments. We also plan to use our publicly traded equity investments as available liquidity and capital for prospective opportunities that will provide higher yields.

We made progress in shifting our investment portfolio composition towards more debt instruments, and we expect that trend to continue as we execute our strategy in 2023. At December 31, 2022, our portfolio was comprised of 56% interest yielding debt instruments compared with 46% at the end of 2021, improving our portfolio yield and net interest income. The annualized weighted average yield of the portfolio was 12.6% at the end of 2022 compared with 12.3% at the end of 2021.

With the support of our strong liquidity position, we believe we can continue to execute our strategy to grow our portfolio, drive investment income and support a growing dividend.

Trends and Opportunities

We believe the combination of cash on hand, line of credit availability, highly liquid publicly traded BDC stocks, proceeds from portfolio exits, and prospective investment income provide us the liquidity that will enable us to add new investments to our portfolio and reinvest in existing portfolio companies that demonstrate continued growth potential. We are actively building a pipeline of investment opportunities in order to put our capital to work.

The following short and long-term trends provide us confidence in our ability to grow the Corporation:

•

We expect that well run businesses will require capital to grow and should be able to compete effectively given eager reception of new technologies and service concepts, regardless of the macroeconomic environment.

•

We continue to manage risk by investing with other investors, when possible.

•

RCM, on our behalf, is involved with the governance and management of a majority of our portfolio companies, which enables us to support their operating and marketing efforts and facilitate their growth.

•

As our portfolio expands, we are able to better leverage our externalized management structure.

•

We believe that the establishment of RCM as our external investment adviser and its ownership by Callodine, as well as our relationship with East, broadens our potential pipeline of investment opportunities to build our portfolio, facilitate growth and reduce operating expenses as a percentage of portfolio assets. Strategically, we expect to advance our efforts to increase our income-producing investments to support and to allow us to continue to increase our regular cash dividend for shareholders and complement these securities with equity investments that drive capital appreciation.

•

We believe an opportunity for lending to lower middle market companies exists because the consolidation among commercial banks has reduced their focus on the lower middle market business. Heightened regulatory requirements for commercial banks have also resulted in less participation by banks in the lower middle market lending arena, opening up opportunities for alternative lenders such as us.

•

Lower middle market companies are increasingly seeking lenders with long-term capital to provide flexible solutions for their debt and equity financing needs. We believe that many lower middle market companies prefer to execute transactions with alternative lenders, such as us, because we can address their capital requirements quickly and in the “check size” that is best suited for their businesses.

•

We believe we have sufficient liquid assets to both invest in new opportunities and to repurchase shares. On April 21, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan, which authorizes the Corporation to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s outstanding common stock with an aggregate cost of up to $1,500,000 at prices per share of common stock no greater than the then current net asset value. This new share repurchase authorization lasts for a period of 12 months from the authorization date until April 21, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not repurchase any shares.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, which require the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. For a summary of all significant accounting policies, including critical accounting policies, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

The increasing complexity of the business environment and applicable authoritative accounting guidance requires us to monitor our accounting policies and procedures. We have two critical accounting policies that require the use of significant judgment. The following summary of critical accounting policies is intended to enhance a reader’s ability to assess our financial condition and results of operations and the potential volatility due to changes in estimates.

Valuation of Investments

Our investments are carried at fair value in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

Investments are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by RCM and approved by our Board. We invest in loan, debt, and equity instruments and there is no single standard for determining fair value of these investments. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio company while employing a consistent valuation process. We analyze and value each investment quarterly and record unrealized depreciation for an investment that we believe has become impaired, including where collection of a loan or realization of the recorded value of an equity security is doubtful. Conversely, we will record unrealized appreciation if we believe that an underlying portfolio company has appreciated in value and, therefore, its equity security has also appreciated in value. These estimated fair values may differ from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the investments existed and these differences could be material if our assumptions and judgments differ from results of actual liquidation events.

Loan investments are defined as traditional loan financings typically with no equity features or required equity co-investment. Debt investments are defined as debt financings that include one or more equity features such as conversion rights, stock purchase warrants, and/or stock purchase options. Equity investments will be direct investments into a portfolio company and may include preferred stock, common stock, warrants and limited liability company membership interests.

We utilize several approaches to determine the fair value of an investment. The main approaches are:

•

Loan and debt securities are generally valued using an Asset approach and will be valued at cost when representative of the fair value of the investment or sufficient assets or liquidation proceeds are expected to exist from a sale of a portfolio company at its estimated fair value. The valuation may also consider the carrying interest rate versus the related inherent portfolio risk of the investment. A loan or debt instrument may be reduced in value if it is judged to be of poor quality, collection is in doubt or insufficient liquidation proceeds exist.

•

Equity securities may be valued using the “asset approach”, “market approach” or “income approach.” The asset approach involves estimating the liquidation value of the portfolio company’s assets. To the extent the value exceeds the remaining principal amount of the debt or loan securities of the portfolio company, the fair value of such securities is generally estimated to be their cost. However, where value is less than the remaining principal amount of the loan and debt securities, the Corporation may discount the value of an equity security. The market approach uses observable prices and other relevant information generated by similar market transactions. It may include both private and public M&A transactions where the traded price is a multiple of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization) or another relevant operating metric. It may also include the market value of comparable public companies that are trading in an active market, or the use of market multiples derived from a set of comparables to assist in pricing the investment. Additionally, we adjust valuations if a subsequent significant equity financing has occurred that includes a meaningful portion of the financing by a sophisticated, unrelated new investor. The income approach employs valuation techniques to convert future benefits or costs, usually in the form of cash flows, into a present value amount. The measurement is based on value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts.

ASC 820 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, used in our valuation at the measurement date. Under the valuation policy, we value unrestricted publicly traded companies, categorized as Level 1 investments, at the average closing price for the last three trading days of the reporting period.

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other observable inputs other than quoted prices.

Level 3: Unobservable and significant inputs to determining the fair value.

Financial assets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Any changes in estimated fair value are recorded in the statement of operations.

At December 31, 2022, 10% of our investments were Level 1 investments and 90% were Level 3 investments. At December 31, 2021, 22% of our investments were Level 1 investments and 78% were Level 3 investments. There were no Level 2 investments at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

In the valuation process, we value restricted securities, categorized as Level 3 investments, using information from these portfolio companies, which may include:

•

Audited and unaudited statements of operations, balance sheets and operating budgets;

•

Current and projected financial, operational and technological developments of the portfolio company;

•

Current and projected ability of the portfolio company to service its debt obligations;

•

The current capital structure of the business and the seniority of the various classes of equity if a deemed liquidation event were to occur;

•

Pending debt or capital restructuring of the portfolio company;

•

Current information regarding any offers to purchase the investment, or recent fundraising transactions;

•

Current ability of the portfolio company to raise additional financing if needed;

•

Changes in the economic environment which may have a material impact on the operating results of the portfolio company;

•

Internal circumstances and events that may have an impact (both positive and negative) on the operating performance of the portfolio company;

•

Qualitative assessment of key management;

•

Contractual rights, obligations or restrictions associated with the investment; and

•

Other factors deemed relevant to assess valuation.

The valuation may be reduced if a portfolio company’s performance and potential have deteriorated significantly. If the factors that led to a reduction in valuation are overcome, the valuation may be readjusted.

Equity Securities

Equity securities may include preferred stock, common stock, warrants and limited liability company membership interests.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our equity investments are earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) and revenue multiples, where applicable, the financial and operational performance of the business, and the senior equity preferences that may exist in a deemed liquidation event. Standard industry multiples may be used when available; however, our portfolio companies are typically small and in early stages of development and these industry standards may be adjusted to more closely match the specific financial and operational performance of the portfolio company. Due to the nature of certain investments, fair value measurements may be based on other criteria, which may include third party appraisals. Significant changes to the unobservable inputs, such as variances in financial performance from expectations, may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. Significant changes in any of these unobservable inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value estimate.

Another key factor used in valuing equity investments is a significant recent arms-length equity transaction with a sophisticated non-strategic unrelated new investor entered into by the portfolio company. The terms of these equity transactions may not be identical to the equity transactions between the portfolio company and us, and the impact of the difference in transaction terms on the market value of the portfolio company may be difficult or impossible to quantify.

When appropriate the Black-Scholes pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of warrants for accounting purposes. This model requires the use of highly subjective inputs including expected volatility and expected life, in addition to variables for the valuation of minority equity positions in small private and early stage companies. Significant changes in any of these unobservable inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value estimate.

For investments made within the last year, we generally rely on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent fair value, unless other fair market value inputs are identified causing us to depart from this basis.

Loans and Debt Securities

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our loan and debt securities are the financial and operational performance of the portfolio company, similar debt with similar terms with other portfolio companies, as well as the market acceptance for the portfolio company’s products or services. These inputs will likely provide an indicator as to the probability of principal recovery of the investment. Our loan and debt investments are often junior secured or unsecured securities. Fair value may also be determined based on other criteria where appropriate. Significant changes to the unobservable inputs may result in a change in fair value. For recent investments, we generally rely on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent the fair value, unless other fair value inputs are identified causing us to depart from this basis.

Revenue Recognition

Interest income generally is recognized on the accrual basis except where the investment is in default or otherwise presumed to be in doubt. In such cases, interest income is recognized at the time of receipt. A reserve for possible losses on interest receivable is maintained when appropriate.

Portfolio interest income cannot be recognized if collection is doubtful, and a 100% reserve must be established. The collection of interest is presumed to be in doubt when there is substantial doubt about a portfolio company’s ability to continue as a going concern or the loan is in default more than 120 days. RCM also uses other qualitative and quantitative measures to determine the value of a portfolio investment and the collectability of any accrued interest.

We hold debt securities in our investment portfolio that contain payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest provisions. PIK interest, computed at the contractual rate specified in each debt agreement, is periodically added to the principal balance of the debt and is recorded as interest income. Thus, the actual collection of this interest may be deferred until the time of debt principal repayment.

We may receive distributions from portfolio companies that are limited liability companies or corporations. These distributions are classified as dividend income on the consolidated statement of operations. Dividend income is recognized on an accrual basis when it can be reasonably estimated.

We hold preferred equity securities that may contain cumulative dividend provisions. Cumulative dividends are recorded as dividend income when they are declared and deemed a contractual obligation. Any dividends in arrears are added to the balance of the preferred equity investment. The actual collection of these dividends in arrears may be deferred until such time as the preferred security is redeemed.

Financial Condition

Overview:


	12/31/22		12/31/21		(Decrease) Increase			% (Decrease) Increase
Total assets	$	63,481,192	$	65,644,854	($	2,163,662	)		(3.3	%)
Total liabilities		5,759,872		4,899,438		860,434			17.6	%

Net assets	$	57,721,320	$	60,745,416	($	3,024,096	)		(5.0	%)

Net asset value (NAV) was $22.36 per share at December 31, 2022 versus $23.54 per share at December 31, 2021.

Cash approximated 2% of net assets at December 31, 2022 compared to 1% at December 31, 2021.

During the second quarter of 2022, we entered into a new $25 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with M&T Bank, as lender (the “Lender”), with the amount that we can borrow thereunder, at any given time, determined based upon a borrowing base formula. The Credit Facility has a 5-year term with a maturity date of June 27, 2027. Our borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate determined as a rate per annum equal to 3.50 percentage points above the greater of (i) the applicable daily simple secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) and (ii) 0.25%. At December 31, 2022, there was $2,550,000 drawn on the Credit Facility. See “Note 5. Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the terms of our Credit Facility.

Composition of the Investment Portfolio

Our financial condition is dependent on the success of our portfolio holdings, which are investments in small companies. The following summarizes our investment portfolio at the year ends indicated.


	12/31/22		12/31/21		Change			% Change
Investments, at cost	$	55,716,237	$	52,370,668	$	3,345,569			6.4	%
Unrealized appreciation/depreciation, net		5,788,022		11,697,794		(5,909,772	)		(50.5	%)

Investments, at fair value	$	61,504,259	$	64,068,462	($	2,564,203	)		(4.0	%)

Number of Active Portfolio Companies		29		34

Our total investments at fair value, as determined by RCM and approved by our Board of Directors, approximated 107% of net assets at December 31, 2022 and 106% of net assets at December 31, 2021.

Our investment objective is to generate current income and when possible, capital appreciation, by targeting investment opportunities with favorable risk-adjusted returns. As a result, we are focused on investing in higher yielding debt instruments and related equity investments in privately held, lower middle market companies with a committed and experienced management team in a broad variety of industries. We may also invest in publicly traded shares of other business development companies that provide income through dividends and have more liquidity than our private company equity investments.

The change in investments, at cost, during the year ended December 31, 2022, is comprised of the following:


	Cost Increase (Decrease)
New investments:
BMP Food Service Supply Holdco, LLC (FSS)	$	3,100,000
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s)		2,394,000
ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA)		623,810
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		590,000
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		318,276

Total of new investments		7,026,086
Other changes to investments:
Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC (Filterworks) interest conversion		325,720
Seybert’s OID amortization and interest conversion		110,496
ITA interest conversion		99,595
Caitec, Inc. (Caitec) interest conversion		73,326
DSD interest conversion		62,323
Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC (Mattison) interest conversion		37,175
HDI Acquisition LLC (Hilton Displays) interest conversion		26,587
Sciaps OID amortization		15,000
GoNoodle, Inc. (GoNoodle) interest conversion		14,142

Total of other changes to investments		764,364


	Cost Increase (Decrease)
Investments repaid, sold, liquidated or converted:
SocialFlow, Inc. (Social Flow) sale		(1,750,000	)
Empire Genomics Corp (Empire Genomics) debt repayment		(1,444,915	)
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. (Golub) sale		(403,910	)
Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock) sale		(347,067	)
Microcision LLC (Microcision) sale		(110,000	)
FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR) sale		(94,380	)
GoNoodle debt repayment		(90,175	)
Ares Capital Corporation (Ares) sale		(76,320	)
Lumious (Tech 2000, Inc.) debt repayment		(70,833	)
ACV Auctions, Inc. (ACV) sale		(34,440	)
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch) liquidated		(22,841	)

Total of investments repaid, sold, liquidated or converted		(4,444,881	)

Net change in investments, at cost	$	3,345,569

Our top five portfolio companies represented 48% of total assets at December 31, 2022:


Company	Industry	Fair Value at December 31, 2022		% of Total Assets at December 31, 2022
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)	Professional Services	$	10,300,000		16	%
Seybert’s	Consumer Products	$	5,868,961		9	%
Sciaps	Manufacturing	$	5,208,984		9	%
DSD	Automotive	$	5,093,980		8	%
Caitec	Consumer Product	$	3,955,882		6	%

Our top five portfolio companies represented 47% of total assets at December 31, 2021:


Company	Industry	Fair Value at December 31, 2021		% of Total Assets at December 31, 2021
Tilson	Professional Services	$	8,925,015		14	%
ACV	Software	$	8,333,065		13	%
Open Exchange, Inc.	Software	$	5,570,000		8	%
Caitec	Consumer Product	$	3,882,556		6	%
DSD	Automotive	$	3,826,683		6	%

Below is the geographic breakdown of our investments using fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:


Geographic Region	% of Net Asset Value at December 31, 2022			% of Net Asset Value at December 31, 2021
USA – East		76	%		83	%
USA – South		26	%		23	%
USA – West		5	%		—

Total investments as a % of net asset value		107	%		106	%

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, our investment portfolio consisted of the following types of investments:


	Cost		Percentage of Total Portfolio			Fair Value		Percentage of Total Portfolio
December 31, 2022:
Subordinated Debt and Promissory Notes	$	34,160,967		61	%	$	34,160,967		56	%
Equity and Membership Interests		18,225,477		33			20,840,681		34
Equity Warrants		95,063		—			95,063		—
Publicly traded stock		3,234,730		6			6,407,548		10

Total	$	55,716,237		100	%	$	61,504,259		100	%

December 31, 2021:
Subordinated Debt and Promissory Notes	$	29,583,482		57	%	$	29,583,482		46	%
Equity and Membership Interests		18,441,276		35			20,498,872		32
Equity Warrants		155,063		—			85,063		—
Publicly traded stock		4,190,847		8			13,901,045		22

Total	$	52,370,668		100	%	$	64,068,462		100	%

Results of Operations

Investment Income

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		Increase (Decrease)			% Increase (Decrease)
Interest from portfolio companies	$	4,152,802	$	3,017,634	$	1,135,168			37.6	%
Interest from other investments		131		13,876		(13,745	)		(99.1	%)
Dividend and other investment income		1,456,334		888,179		568,155			64.0	%
Fee income		155,914		156,614		(700	)		(0.4	%)

Total investment income	$	5,765,181	$	4,076,303	$	1,688,878			41.4	%

Investment income was received, on a current basis, during the year ended December 31, 2022 from 24 portfolio companies. This is a decrease from the 29 portfolio companies generating current investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest from portfolio companies — Interest from portfolio companies was approximately 38% higher for the year ended December 31, 2022 versus 2021 due to the fact we originated more interest yielding investments during the last year. At December 31, 2022, our portfolio was comprised of 56% interest yielding debt instruments compared with 46% at the end of 2021. New debt instruments were originated from BMP Food Service Supply Holdco, LLC (FSS), DSD Operating, LLC (DSD), SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps) and Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s).

Interest from other investments — The decrease in interest from other investments is due to lower average cash balances during the year ended December 31, 2022 versus the same period in 2021.

Dividend and other investment income — Dividend income is comprised of cash distributions from limited liability companies (LLCs) and corporations in which we have invested. Our investment agreements with certain

LLCs require those LLCs to distribute funds to us for payment of income taxes on our allocable share of the LLC’s profits. These portfolio companies may also elect to make additional discretionary distributions. Dividend income will fluctuate based upon the profitability of these LLCs and corporations and the timing of the distributions or the impact of new investments or divestitures. The dividend distributions for the respective years ended were:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)	$	653,437	$	214,265
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		268,732		—
Carlyle Secured Lending Inc. (Carlyle) (formerly TCG BDC, Inc.)		141,040		129,000
FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR)		127,680		133,380
PennantPark Investment Corporation (Pennant Park)		117,000		93,600
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		—		87,771
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		52,500		52,500
Ares Capital Corporation (Ares)		39,270		43,740
Barings BDC, Inc. (Barings)		38,000		32,800
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. (Golub)		9,375		36.563
Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock)		9,300		37,200
Apollo		—		27,360

Total dividend and other investment income	$	1,456,334	$	888,179

Fee income — Fee income generally consists of the revenue associated with the amortization of financing fees charged to the portfolio companies upon successful closing of financings, income from portfolio company board attendance fees and other miscellaneous fees. The financing fees are amortized ratably over the life of the instrument associated with the fees. The unamortized fees are carried on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position under the line item “Deferred revenue.”

The income associated with the amortization of financing fees was $120,914 and $87,018 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a one-time loan monitoring fee of $10,000 from our investment in Seybert’s. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a one-time fee of $30,000 in conjunction with the repayment of the Microcision loan instrument and $25,500 in other one-time fees associated with the loan monitoring and application fees.

The board fees were $25,000 and $14,096 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		Increase (Decrease)			% Increase (Decrease)
Interest from portfolio companies	$	3,017,634	$	2,461,943	$	555,691			22.6	%
Interest from other investments		13,876		87,784		(73,908	)		(84.2	%)
Dividend and other investment income		888,179		428,081		460,098			107.5	%
Fee income		156,614		125,111		31,503			25.2	%

Total investment income	$	4,076,303	$	3,102,919	$	973,384			31.4	%

Investment income was received, on a current basis, during the year ended December 31, 2021 from 29 portfolio companies. This was an increase from the 23 portfolio companies generating current investment income for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Interest from portfolio companies — Interest from portfolio companies was approximately 23% higher for the year ended December 31, 2021 versus the same period in 2020 due to the fact that we originated more income-producing debt investments during the last twelve months. The new debt instruments were originated from BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC (Swanson), Caitec, Inc. (Caitec), DSD Operating, LLC (DSD), ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA), Nailbiter, Inc. (Nailbiter) and Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s). In addition, interest income was higher due to an approximately $88,000 increase in OID income during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to a first quarter 2021 loan payoff.

Interest from other investments — The decrease in interest from other investments is due to lower average cash balances and lower interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2021 versus the same period in 2020.

Dividend and other investment income — Dividend income is comprised of cash distributions from LLCs and corporations in which we have invested. Our investment agreements with certain LLCs require those LLCs to distribute funds to us for payment of income taxes on our allocable share of the LLC’s profits. These portfolio companies may also elect to make additional discretionary distributions. Dividend income will fluctuate based upon the profitability of these LLCs and corporations and the timing of the distributions or the impact of new investments or divestitures. The dividend distributions for the respective years ended were:


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)	$	214,265	$	66,230
FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR)		133,380		64,000
TCB BDC, Inc. (TCB)		129,000		29,200
PennantPark Investment Corporation (Pennant Park)		93,600		24,000
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		87,771		—
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		52,500		52,500
Ares Capital Corporation (Ares)		43,740		32,400
Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock)		37,200		46,800
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. (Golub)		36.563		27,189
Barings BDC, Inc. (Barings)		32,800		13,200
Apollo		27,360		56,700
Somerset Gas Transmission Company, LLC (Somerset)		—		15,862

Total dividend and other investment income	$	888,179	$	428,081

Fee income — Fee income generally consists of the revenue associated with the amortization of financing fees charged to the portfolio companies upon successful closing of financings, income from portfolio company board attendance fees and other miscellaneous fees. The financing fees are amortized ratably over the life of the instrument associated with the fees. The unamortized fees are carried on the balance sheet under the line item “Deferred revenue.”

The income associated with the amortization of financing fees was $87,018 and $29,188 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a one-time fee of $30,000 in conjunction with the repayment of the Microcision loan instrument and $25,500 in other one-time fees associated with the loan monitoring and application fees. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a one-time pre-payment fee of $91,423 on the repayment of the Andretti debt instrument and a one-time pre-payment fee of $4,500 on the repayment of the Open Exchange debt instrument.

The board fees were $14,096 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Expenses

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		Increase (Decrease)			% Increase (Decrease)
Total expenses	$	1,119,229	$	6,670,315	($	5,551,086	)		(83.2	%)

Total expenses decreased approximately $5,600,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to an approximately $5,250,000 decrease in the capital gains incentive fee expense and an approximately $500,000 decrease in interest expense. The decrease was partially offset by an approximately $150,000 increase in professional fees and an approximately $70,000 increase in Base Management Fees payable to RCM.

The decrease in the capital gains incentive fee expense as shown on our Consolidated Statement of Operations, is due to the calculation at December 31, 2022 of the capital gains fee, per the Investment Management Agreement, currently payable to RCM of approximately $332,000 and an accrued capital gains incentive fee payable of approximately $2,167,000, per a GAAP requirement. The Investment Management Agreement does not allow the use of unrealized gains in calculating the amount of the capital gains incentive fee payable under that agreement to RCM. However, as required by GAAP, we must accrue capital gains incentive fees on the basis of unrealized gains. Our capital gains incentive fee accrual reflects the capital gains incentive fees that would be payable to RCM if our entire investment portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date, even though RCM is not entitled to this capital gains incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.

The interest expense incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 was related to the new Credit Facility we entered into during 2022 with the Lender, which provides us with a senior secured revolving credit facility in a principal amount not to exceed $25 million. We incurred approximately $70,000 in interest expense related to the Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2022 and there was no corresponding expense during the year ended December 31, 2021.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, we repaid, in full, our $11,000,000 of outstanding SBA debentures. Therefore, we did not incur any interest expense related to the SBA debentures during the year ended December 31, 2022, while we incurred approximately $620,000 in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Professional fees expense increased by approximately $150,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022, versus the same period in 2021 because we incurred increased fees associated with the complex regulatory environment in which we operate.

The Base Management Fee, payable to RCM, is calculated based upon total assets less cash, and, as we deploy more capital into investments, the base management fee, payable to RCM, will increase accordingly.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		Increase		% Increase
Total expenses	$	6,670,315	$	1,974,978	$	4,695,337		237.7	%

Total expenses increased approximately $4,700,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in expenses was primarily due to a $4,200,000 increase in the capital gains incentive fee expense, an approximately $269,000 increase in the base management fee payable to RCM, and an approximately $201,000 increase in interest expense.

The increase in the capital gains incentive fee expense as shown on our Consolidated Statement of Operations, is due to the calculation at December 31, 2021 of the capital gains fee, per the Investment Management Agreement, currently payable to RCM of approximately $652,000 and an accrual of a capital gains incentive fee of approximately $3,548,000, per a GAAP requirement. The Investment Management Agreement does not allow the use of unrealized gains in calculating the amount of the capital gains incentive fee payable under that agreement to RCM. However, as required by GAAP, the Corporation must accrue capital gains incentive fees on the basis of unrealized gains. Our capital gains incentive fee accrual reflects the capital gains incentive fees that would be payable to RCM if our entire investment portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though RCM is not entitled to this capital gains incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized. There were no capital gains incentive fees accrued or expensed for the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the fourth quarter of 2021 we repaid, in full, the $11,000,000 of outstanding SBA debentures, using cash on hand. As a condition of the repayment, the SBA required that we pre-pay the interest expense that would have been paid on March 1, 2022. We, therefore, recognized two additional months of SBA interest during the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, we expensed approximately $144,000 of remaining SBA deferred commitment and leverage fees after the repayment of the SBA debentures.

Net Investment Income

The excess of investment income over total expenses represents net investment income (loss). The net investment income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $4,430,410, ($2,604,908) and 1,756,128, respectively.

Net Realized Gains and Losses on Investments


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Net realized gain (loss) on sales and dispositions, before income taxes	$	705,493	$	5,820,354	($	5,983,279	)

We recognized a net realized gain of approximately $1.7 million on the sale of 123,000 shares of Class A common stock of ACV Auctions, Inc. (ACV Auctions) during the year ended December 31, 2022. ACV trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ACVA”. At December 31, 2022, we owned 319,934 shares of ACV Auctions.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold our investment in Social Flow, Inc. (Social Flow) and recognized a realized loss of approximately ($1,480,000). Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold our investment in Microcision LLC (Microcision) and recognized a realized gain of $190,000 and recognized a realized loss of approximately ($23,000) on our investment in New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch), when the company commenced bankruptcy proceedings. We recognized a realized gain of approximately $54,000 from ClearView Social, Inc. (Clearview Social), an investment we exited during 2021. We also recognized a realized gain of approximately $2,000 from additional proceeds received from GiveGab, Inc. (Givegab), an investment we exited during 2021.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized an approximately $73,000 realized gain on the sale of 31,250 shares of Golub Capital BDC, Inc (Golub), an approximately $98,000 realized gain on the sale of 30,000 shares of Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock), an approximately $50,000 realized gain on the sale of 6,000 shares of Ares Capital Corporation (Ares), and an approximately $41,000 realized gain on the sale of 6,000 shares of FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR).

During the year ended December 31, 2021 we recognized a net realized gain of $2.9 million on the sale of 147,646 shares of Class A common stock of ACV Auctions. At December 31, 2021, we owned 442,934 shares of ACV Auctions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we also sold our shares in Apollo Investment Corporation and recognized a gain of approximately $175,000.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold our investment in Givegab and recognized a gain of $1.8 million, sold our investment in Centivo Corporation and recognized a gain of $1.6 million, sold our investment in ClearView Social, Inc. and recognized a gain of approximately $135,000 and sold our investment in Mercantile Adjustment Bureau, Inc. and recognized a gain of $36,000. The realized gain from the sale of Clearview included $35,766 that was held in escrow and was received in 2022. The escrow holdback is recorded in “Other Assets” on the Corporation’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We also received additional proceeds of approximately $57,000 from Microcision related to the 2019 sale of our equity interest in Microcision. We sold our investment in First Wave Technologies, Inc. and recognized a loss of approximately ($662,000). In addition, we restructured our notes in Empire Genomics, LLC, and converted our equity holdings into a debt instrument. As part of that restructuring, we recognized a realized loss of approximately ($309,000).

During year ended December 31, 2020, we realized a $2.3 million gain when we exited our investment in Outmatch as part of a strategic majority investment from Rubicon Technology Partners. We also received additional proceeds of approximately $117,000 from Microcision LLC (Microcision) related to the 2019 sale of our equity interest in Microcision and approximately $37,000 in additional gain from Advantage 24/7. We recognized a realized loss of $5.1 million on Genicon, Inc. following its senior creditor liquidation. In addition, we recognized a $1.6 million loss in Teleservices Solutions Holdings, LLC, a $0.9 million loss in BeetNPath, LLC, a $0.4 million loss in G-TEC Natural Gas Systems, and a $0.3 million loss in Dataview, Inc. following the sale and/or liquidation of the investment securities.

Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation on Investments

The change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, before income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022 was comprised of the following:


	Year ended December 31, 2022
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)	$	2,152,984
Social Flow Inc. (Social Flow)		1,628,000
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		1,374,985
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		886,698
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)		657,000
Carlyle Secured Lending Inc. (Carlyle) (formerly TCG BDC, Inc.)		48,160
Microcision LLC (Microcision)		25,000
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch)		22,841
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. (Golub)		(77,653	)
Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock)		(80,533	)
Ares Capital Corporation (Ares)		(101,640	)
Barings BDC, Inc. (Barings)		(111,600	)
FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR)		(197,420	)
OnCore Golf Technology, Inc. (OnCore)		(200,000	)
PennantPark Investment Corporation (Pennant Park)		(235,950	)
PostProcess Technologies, Inc. (Post Process)		(248,875	)
Somerset Gas Transmission Company, LLC (Somerset)		(375,000	)
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		(379,155	)
ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA)		(748,810	)
Open Exchange Inc. (Open Exchange)		(4,168,060	)
ACV Auctions, Inc. (ACV Auctions)		(5,780,744	)

Total change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments before income taxes	($	5,909,772	)

ACV Auctions, Ares, Barings, Carlyle, FS KKR, and Pennant Park are all publicly traded stocks, and as such, are marked to market at the end of each quarter using the three-day average closing price.

We sold our investments in Social Flow, Golub and Owl Rock during the year ended December 31, 2022.

In accordance with the Corporation’s valuation policy, we increased the value of our investments in SciAps, Tilson, DSD, and Carolina Skiff after a financial analysis of each of the portfolio companies indicating continued improved performance.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the valuation of our investments in Open Exchange, ITA, Knoa, Somerset, Post Process, and OnCore decreased after a review of their operations and financial condition.

The change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, before income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2021 was comprised of the following:


	Year ended December 31, 2021
Open Exchange Inc. (Open Exchange)	$	4,918,061
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		4,215,000
ACV Auctions, Inc. (ACV Auctions)		1,842,591
Empire Genomics, Corp. (Empire Genomics)		1,151,021
Mercantile Adjustment Bureau, LLC (Mercantile)		946,665
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		721,000
First Wave Technologies, Inc. (First Wave)		628,563
PennantPark Investment Corporation (Pennant Park)		364,751
TCG BDC, Inc. (TCG)		239,914
FS KKR Capital Corp. (FS KKR)		204,285
Ares Capital Corporation (Ares)		115,290
Barings BDC, Inc. (Barings)		71,067
Owl Rock Capital Corporation (Owl Rock)		46,700
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. (Golub)		46,043
Apollo Investment Corporation (Apollo)		(7,616	)
Microcision LLC (Microcision)		(10,000	)
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch)		(22,841	)
PostProcess Technologies, Inc. (Post Process)		(122,728	)
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)		(200,000	)
Social Flow Inc. (Social Flow)		(201,487	)
Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC (Filterworks)		(369,249	)
ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA)		(375,000	)
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		(544,860	)
Centivo Corporation (Centivo)		(584,832	)
Rheonix Inc. (Rheonix)		(702,732	)

Total change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments before income taxes	$	12,369,606

Ares, Barings, FS KKR, Golub, Owl Rock and Pennant Park are all publicly traded stocks, and as such, are marked to market at the end of each quarter using the three-day average closing price. We sold our Apollo shares during year ended December 31, 2021.

ACV Auctions completed an Initial Public Offering (IPO) at a price of $25.00 per share on March 23, 2021, and trades on the NASDAQ Global Select market under the symbol “ACVA”. At December 31, 2021, we held 442,934 shares of unrestricted Class A common stock. Our holdings in the Class A common stock of ACV was valued, at December 31, 2021, using a price of $18.81 per share, based upon the three-day average closing price.

In accordance with the Corporation’s valuation policy, we increased the value of our investments in Open Exchange and Tilson based on significant financings and continued improved performance for each of these portfolio companies. In addition, we increased the value of our investments in Empire Genomics and SciAps after a financial analysis of each of the portfolio company’s indicating continued improved performance.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the valuation of our investments in Carolina Skiff, Filterworks, ITA, Knoa, New Monarch, Post Process, Rheonix and Social Flow were decreased after a review of their operations and financial condition.

The change in net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, before income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2020 was comprised of the following:


	Year ended December 31, 2020
Genicon, Inc. (Genicon)	$	4,359,757
Teleservices Solutions Holdings, LLC (Teleservices)		1,636,078
BeetNPath, LLC (Beetnpath)		882,904
Centivo Corporation (Centivo)		584,832
G-Tec Natural Gas Systems (G-tec)		400,000
Dataview, LLC (Dataview)		310,357
Ares		108,340
USTec		100,500
Pennant Park		88,537
FS KKR		73,437
TCG BDC		41,404
Owl Rock		33,833
Barings		33,581
Golub		31,610
Apollo		7,616
Microcision LLC (Microcision)		(15,000	)
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		(205,140	)
Carolina Skiff, LLC (Carolina Skiff)		(250,000	)
SocialFlow, Inc. (Socialflow)		(426,513	)
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		(869,274	)

Total net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments before income taxes	$	6,926,859

The valuations of our investments in Carolina Skiff, Knoa, Sciaps, and Socialflow were decreased after we reviewed each portfolio company and its current and projected financial condition and determined that a valuation adjustment was appropriate.

In accordance with our valuation policy, we increased the value of our investment in Centivo based on a significant equity financing during 2020 with sophisticated new non-strategic outside investors at a higher valuation than their prior financing round valuation.

Beetnpath, Dataview, G-tec, Teleservices and USTec investments, previously deemed to have a zero value, were sold and we did not receive any proceeds.

Apollo, Ares, Barings, FS KKR, Golub, Owl Rock, Pennant Park and TCG are all publicly traded stocks, and as such, are marked to market at the end of each quarter.

All of the valuation adjustments resulted using the guidance set forth by ASC 820 and our established valuation policy.

Net (Decrease) Increase in Net Assets from Operations

We account for our operations under GAAP for investment companies. The principal measure of our financial performance is “Net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations” on our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the net decrease in net assets from operations was ($881,849) as compared with of a net increase of $15,797,428 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and a net increase of $743,766 for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet anticipated cash requirements, fund new and follow-on portfolio investments, pay distributions to our shareholders and other general business demands. As of December 31, 2022, our total liquidity consisted of approximately $1,370,000 in cash. In addition, we hold publicly traded equity securities of several BDCs and ACV Auctions, which are available for future liquidity requirements.

During the second quarter of 2022, we entered into a new $25 million Credit Facility. The amount we can borrow, at any given time, under the Credit Facility is tied to a borrowing base, which is measured as (i) 75% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of the publicly traded equity securities we hold (other than shares of ACV Auctions) plus (ii) the least of (a) 75% of the fair market value of the shares of ACV Auctions we hold, (b) $6.25 million and (c) 25% of the aggregate borrowing base availability for the Credit Facility at any date of determination plus (iii) 50% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of eligible private loans we hold that meet specified criteria plus (iv) the lesser of (a) 50% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of unsecured private loans we hold that meet specified criteria and (b) $1.25 million minus (v) such reserves as the Lender may establish from time to time in its sole discretion. The Credit Facility has a maturity date of June 27, 2027. As of December 31, 2022, under the borrowing base formula described above, we could have borrowed a total of approximately $21.9 million under the Credit Facility.

Our borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate determined as a rate per annum equal to 3.50 percentage points above the greater of (i) the applicable daily simple secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) and (ii) 0.25%.

The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties and affirmative, negative and financial covenants usual and customary for agreements of this type, including among others covenants that prohibit, subject to certain specified exceptions, our ability to merge or consolidate with other companies, sell any material part of our assets, incur other indebtedness, incur liens on our assets, make investments or loans to third parties other than permitted investments and permitted loans, and declare any distribution or dividend other than certain permitted distributions. The Credit Agreement includes the following financial covenants: (i) a tangible net worth covenant that requires us to maintain a Tangible Net Worth (defined in the Credit Agreement as our aggregate assets, excluding intangible assets, less all of our liabilities) of not less than $50.0 million, which is measured quarterly at the end of each fiscal quarter, (ii) an asset coverage ratio covenant that requires us to maintain an Asset Coverage Ratio (defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of the fair market value of all of our assets to the sum of all of our obligations for borrowed money plus all capital lease obligations) of not less than 3:1, which is measured quarterly at the end of each fiscal quarter and (iii) an interest coverage ratio covenant that requires us to maintain an Interest Coverage Ratio (defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to Interest Expense (as defined in the Credit Agreement)) of not less than 2.5:1, which is measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-months basis.

The outstanding balance drawn on the Credit Facility was $2,550,000 at December 31, 2022. See “Note 5. Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility” for additional information regarding the terms of our Credit Facility.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced a net increase in cash in the amount of approximately $535,000, which is a net effect of approximately $252,000 of cash provided by our operating activities and approximately $283,000 provided by our financing activities.

The $252,000 of cash provided our operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted primarily from net investment income of approximately $4,430,000 and approximately $5,150,000 from the sales and repayments of debt investments and the return on capital of our equity investments. This was mostly offset by approximately $7,026,000 to fund new or follow-on portfolio company investments, approximately $739,000 in non-cash interest income, and an approximately $1,690,000 net decrease in operating liabilities.

Net cash flow provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $283,000. This is comprised of the $2,550,000 borrowed from the line of credit, the approximately $2,142,000 in dividends paid to shareholders and the $125,000 closing fee paid related to the line of credit agreement.

We anticipate that we will continue to fund our investment activities through cash generated through our ongoing operating activities and the sale of our publicly traded liquid investments. We anticipate that we will continue to exit investments. However, the timing of liquidation events within our privately held investments is difficult to project.

The following table summarizes the cash estimated to be received over the next five years from existing portfolio companies based on contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022. These payments represent scheduled principal and interest payments that are due under the terms of the investment securities we own in each portfolio company and are subject to change based on factors such as conversions and restructurings. It does not include any equity investments, which may provide additional proceeds upon exit of the investment.


	Cash Receipts due by year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027 and beyond
Scheduled cash receipts from portfolio companies	$	11,520,000	$	8,640,000	$	3,120,000	$	22,490,000	$	4,190,000
Number of companies contributing to the scheduled cash receipts		14		10		7		7		2

Regulated Investment Company (RIC) Status and Distributions

We have elected U.S federal tax treatment as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As long as we qualify as a RIC, we will not be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax on our investment company taxable income or realized net capital gains, to the extent that such taxable income or gains are distributed, or deemed to be distributed, to stockholders on a timely basis.

Taxable income commonly differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses, and generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation until realized. Dividends declared and paid by us in a year may differ from taxable income for that year as such dividends may include the distribution of current year taxable income or the distribution of prior year taxable income carried forward into and distributed in the current year. Distributions also may include returns of capital.

We intend to continue to declare and pay quarterly dividends to our shareholders. To avoid certain excise taxes imposed on RICs, we generally strive to distribute, during each calendar year, an amount at least equal to the sum of:

•

98% of our ordinary net taxable income for the calendar year;

•

98.2% of our capital gains, if any, in excess of capital losses for the one-year period ending on October 31 of the calendar year; and

•

any net ordinary income and net capital gains for the preceding year that were not distributed during such year and on which we do not pay corporate tax.

The amount of our declared dividends, as recommended by RCM and approved by our Board, is based primarily on an evaluation of our net taxable income and our capital gains, in excess of capital losses.

Contractual Obligations

We do not have any capital lease obligations or long-term liabilities on our consolidated statement of financial position at December 31, 2022.

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our investment activities contain elements of risk. The portion of our investment portfolio consisting of debt and equity securities in private companies is subject to valuation risk. Because there is typically no public market for the debt and equity securities in which we invest, the valuations of the debt and equity interests in the portfolio are stated at “fair value” as determined in good faith by RCM and approved by our Board. This is in accordance with our investment valuation policy. (The discussion of valuation policy contained in “Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments” in the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.) In the absence of readily ascertainable market values, the estimated value of the portfolio may differ significantly from the values that would be placed on the portfolio if a ready market for the investments existed. Any changes in valuation are recorded on the consolidated statement of operations as “Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments.”

At times, a portion of our portfolio may include marketable securities traded in the over-the-counter market or on a stock exchange. In addition, there may be a portion of the portfolio for which no regular trading market exists. In order to realize the full value of a security, the market must trade in an orderly fashion or a willing purchaser must be available when a sale is to be made. Should an economic or other event occur that would not allow markets to trade in an orderly fashion, we may not be able to realize the fair value of our marketable investments or other investments in a timely manner.

As of December 31, 2022, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or hedging or similar derivative financial instrument investments.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The following consolidated financial statements and consolidated supplemental schedule of the Corporation and report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon are set forth below:


Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021			57
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022			58
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022			59
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022			60
Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments as of December 31, 2022			61
Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments as of December 31, 2021			69
Financial Highlights Schedule for the five years in the period ended December 31, 2022			77
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements			78
Supplemental Schedule of Consolidated Changes in Investments at Cost and Realized Gain for the year ended December 31, 2022			101
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			102

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

December 31,


	2022			2021
ASSETS
Investments at fair value:
Control investments (cost of $4,660,017 and $0, respectively)	$	3,536,207		$	—
Affiliate investments (cost of $30,204,160 and $27,357,797, respectively)		38,241,589			30,279,873
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments (cost of $20,852,060 and $25,012,871, respectively)		19,726,463			33,788,589

Total investments, at fair value (cost of $55,716,237 and $52,370,668, respectively)		61,504,259			64,068,462
Cash		1,368,996			833,875
Interest receivable		208,338			128,047
Prepaid income taxes		76,396			252,010
Deferred tax asset		28,160			181,003
Other assets		295,043			181,457

Total assets	$	63,481,192		$	65,644,854

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (NET ASSETS)
Liabilities:
Due to investment adviser	$	562,221		$	891,102
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		66,680			51,689
Line of credit (See Note 5)		2,550,000			—
Capital gains incentive fees		2,167,000			3,547,760
Deferred revenue		413,971			408,887

Total liabilities		5,759,872			4,899,438
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity (net assets):
Common stock, $0.10 par; shares authorized 100,000,000; shares issued: 2,648,916; shares outstanding: 2,581,021		264,892			264,892
Capital in excess of par value		51,464,267			51,679,809
Treasury stock, at cost: 67,895 shares		(1,566,605	)		(1,566,605	)
Total distributable earnings		7,558,766			10,367,320

Total stockholders’ equity (net assets) (per share - 2022: $22.36, 2021: $23.54)		57,721,320			60,745,416

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (net assets)	$	63,481,192		$	65,644,854

See accompanying notes

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For The Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	2022			2021			2020
Investment income:
Interest from portfolio companies:
Control investments	$	279,055		$	23,068		$	—
Affiliate investments		2,366,955			1,541,507			666,969
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		1,506,792			1,453,059			1,794,974

Total interest from portfolio companies		4,152,802			3,017,634			2,461,943
Interest from other investments:
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		131			13,876			87,784

Total interest from other investments		131			13,876			87,784
Dividend and other investment income:
Affiliate investments		974,669			354,536			118,730
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		481,665			533,643			309,351

Total dividend and other investment income		1,456,334			888,179			428,081

Fee income:
Control investments		7,800			—			—
Affiliate investments		92,531			114,697			15,417
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		55,583			41,917			109,694

Total fee income		155,914			156,614			125,111

Total investment income		5,765,181			4,076,303			3,102,919

Expenses:
Base management fee (see Note 10)		927,226			858,144			589,519
Capital gains incentive fees (see Note 10)		(1,048,760	)		4,200,000			—
Professional fees		729,967			578,577			568,857
Shareholders and office operating		205,083			223,381			258,266
Directors’ fees		187,833			153,500			116,500
Interest expense		69,960			617,270			416,760
Insurance		43,026			38,635			33,868
Corporate development		3,753			14,702			14,546
Other operating		1,141			1,106			662
Bad debt recovery		—			(15,000	)		(24,000	)

Total expenses		1,119,229			6,670,315			1,974,978

Net investment income (loss) before income taxes		4,645,952			(2,594,012	)		1,127,941
Income tax expense (benefit)		215,542			10,896			(628,187	)

Net investment income (loss)		4,430,410			(2,604,908	)		1,756,128

Net realized gain (loss) on sales and dispositions of investments:
Control investments		—			(308,676	)		—
Affiliate investments		167,159			192,645			(7,927,552	)
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		538,334			5,936,385			1,944,273

Net realized gain (loss) on sales and dispositions of investments		705,493			5,820,354			(5,983,279	)
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments:
Control investments		(748,810	)		1,151,021			—
Affiliate investments		4,740,353			3,414,050			5,939,325
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments		(9,901,315	)		7,804,535			987,534

Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation before income taxes		(5,909,772	)		12,369,606			6,926,859
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		107,980			(212,376	)		1,955,942

Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments		(6,017,752	)		12,581,982			4,970,917

Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments		(5,312,259	)		18,402,336			(1,012,362	)

Net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations	$	(881,849	)	$	15,797,428		$	743,766

Weighted average shares outstanding		2,581,021			2,581,707			2,268,356
Basic and diluted net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations per share	$	(0.34	)	$	6.12		$	0.33

See accompanying notes

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS

For The Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	2022			2021			2020
Net assets at beginning of year	$	60,745,416		$	46,104,830		$	53,628,516
Net investment income (loss)		4,430,410			(2,604,908	)		1,756,128
Net realized gain (loss) on sales and dispositions of investments		705,493			5,820,354			(5,983,279	)
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments		(6,017,752	)		12,581,982			4,970,917

Net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations		(881,849	)		15,797,428			743,766

Declaration of dividends		(2,142,247	)		(1,136,071	)		(8,190,723	)
Purchase of treasury shares		—			(20,771	)		(76,729	)

Net assets at end of year	$	57,721,320		$	60,745,416		$	46,104,830

See accompanying notes

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For The Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	2022			2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations	($	881,849	)	$	15,797,428		$	743,766
Adjustments to reconcile net (decrease) increase in net assets to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Investments originated		(7,026,086	)		(19,650,079	)		(11,327,982	)
Proceeds from sale of portfolio investments		3,544,451			9,331,661			4,617,617
Proceeds from loan repayments		1,605,923			4,946,637			5,035,699
Net realized (gain) loss on portfolio investments		(705,493	)		(5,820,354	)		5,983,279
Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments		5,909,772			(12,369,606	)		(6,926,859	)
Deferred tax expense (benefit)		152,843			(302,144	)		1,325,339
Depreciation and amortization		12,500			175,412			37,675
Original issue discount accretion		(25,008	)		(112,175	)		(47,801	)
Change in interest receivable allowance		—			(15,000	)		(151,413	)
Non-cash conversion of debenture interest		(739,355	)		(346,045	)		(361,662	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in interest receivable		(80,291	)		145,139			35,492
(Increase) decrease in other assets		(1,087	)		(107,358	)		191,276
Decrease (increase) in prepaid income taxes		175,614			(31,270	)		122,356
Decrease in bonus payable		—			—			(80,000	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		14,991			(119,684	)		(36,500	)
(Decrease) increase in due to investment adviser		(328,881	)		734,103			106,435
(Decrease) increase in capital gains incentive fees payable		(1,380,760	)		3,547,760			—
Increase in deferred revenue		5,084			254,992			116,313

Total adjustments		1,134,217			(19,738,011	)		(1,360,736	)

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		252,368			(3,940,583	)		(616,970	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from line of credit		2,550,000			—			—
Payment of cash dividend		(2,142,247	)		(4,570,186	)		(4,756,606	)
Payment of closing fee		(125,000	)		—			—
Purchase of treasury shares		—			(20,771	)		(76,729	)
Repayment of debentures guaranteed by the SBA		—			(11,000,000	)		—

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		282,753			(15,590,957	)		(4,833,335	)

Net increase (decrease) in cash		535,121			(19,531,540	)		(5,450,305	)

Cash:
Beginning of year		833,875			20,365,415			25,815,720

End of year	$	1,368,996		$	833,875		$	20,365,415

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities
Fair value of common stock dividend paid	$	—		$	—		$	19,028,027

See accompanying notes

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity		Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments — 34.2% of net assets: (g)(j)

ACV Auctions, Inc.(e)(n) NASDAQ: ACVA Buffalo, NY. Live mobile wholesale auctions for new and used car dealers. (Software) www.acvauctions.com	319,934 shares of Class A Common stock valued at $7.87 per share.		8/12/16		<1%		$87,219	$	2,517,881		4.4%

Ares Capital Corporation(n) NASDAQ: ARCC New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	21,000 shares.		3/16/20		<1%		267,140		389,130		0.7%

Barings BDC, Inc.(n) NYSE: BBDC New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	40,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1%		333,352		326,400		0.6%

Caitec, Inc.(l) Halethorpe, MD. Pet product manufacturer and distributor. (Consumer Goods) www.caitec.com	$1,750,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 1, 2026.		11/6/20		4%		1,827,941		1,827,941		6.9%
	150 Class A Units.		11/6/20				150,000		150,000
	$1,750,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due		11/6/20
	June 1, 2026. 150 Class A Units.		11/6/20				1,827,941 150,000		1,827,941 150,000

	Total Caitec						3,955,882		3,955,882


Carlyle Secured Lending Inc. (formerly TCG BDC, Inc.)(n) NASDAQ: CGBD New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	86,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1%		899,749		1,229,227		2.1%

FS KKR Capital Corp.(n) NYSE: FSK Philadelphia, PA. (BDC Investment Fund)	48,000 shares.		3/16/20		<1%		755,058		835,360		1.4%

GoNoodle, Inc.(h)(l) Nashville, TN. Student engagement education software providing core aligned physical activity breaks. (Software) www.gonoodle.com	$1,500,000 Secured Note at 12% (1% PIK) due September 30, 2024.		11/1/19		<1%		1,411,768		1,411,768		2.4%
	Warrant for 47,324 Series C Preferred.		3/1/15				25		25
	Warrant for 21,948 Series D Preferred.		11/1/19				38		38

	Total GoNoodle						1,411,831		1,411,831


HDI Acquisition LLC (Hilton Displays)(l) Greenville, NC. HDI is engaged in manufacturing, installation and maintenance of signage and brands. (Manufacturing) www.hiltondisplays.com	$1,245,119 Term Loan at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 20, 2023.		11/8/19		0%		1,327,782		1,327,782		2.3%

Lumious (Tech 2000, Inc.)(h) Herndon, VA. Develops and delivers IT training. (Software) www.t2000inc.com	$850,000 Replacement Term Note at 14% due November 15, 2023.		11/16/18		0%		789,944		789,944		1.4%

Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC(l) Dallas, TX. Provider of upscale salon spaces for lease. (Professional Services) www.mattisonsalonsuites.com	$1,794,944 Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Promissory Note at 12% (2% PIK) due December 9, 2023.		6/23/21		0%		1,856,536		1,856,536		3.2%

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity		Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets

Nailbiter, Inc. Reston, VA. Video-metrics data analytics supporting name brand Consumer Products Groups (CPG) shopping behavioral insight. (Professional Services) www.nailbiter.com	$2,250,000 Membership Interest of USB Focus Fund Nailbiter I, LLC with economic interest of $2,250,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at		11/22/21		<1%						3.9%
	net 9% due November 23, 2024.						2,250,000		2,250,000
	Warrants for Preferred Stock.						—		—

	Total Nailbiter, Inc.						2,250,000		2,250,000


OnCore Golf Technology, Inc.(e) Buffalo, NY. Patented and proprietary golf balls utilizing technology and innovation. (Consumer Product) www.oncoregolf.com	300,483 Preferred AA.		11/30/18		3%		752,712		100,000		0.2%

Open Exchange, Inc.(e) Lincoln, MA. Online presentation and training software. (Software) www.openexc.com	397,899 Series C Preferred. 397,899 Common.		11/13/13 10/22/19		3%		1,193,697 208,243		1,193,697 208,243		2.4%

	Total Open Exchange						1,401,940		1,401,940


PennantPark Investment Corporation(n) NASDAQ: PNNT New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	195,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1%		892,212		1,109,550		1.9%

PostProcess Technologies, Inc.(e) Buffalo, NY. Provides innovative solutions for the post-processing of additive manufactured 3D parts. (Manufacturing) www.postprocess.com	360,002 Series A1 Preferred.		11/1/19		<1%		348,875		100,000		0.2%

Rheonix, Inc.(e) Ithaca, NY. Developer of fully automated microfluidic based molecular assay and diagnostic testing devices. (Health Care) www.rheonix.com	9,676 Common. 1,839,422 Series A Preferred. 50,593 Common. 589,420 Series B Preferred.		10/29/09 12/12/13 10/24/09 9/29/15		4%		— 2,099,999 — 702,732		— — — —		0.0%

	Total Rheonix						2,802,731		—


Somerset Gas Transmission Company, LLC(e)(m) Columbus, OH. Natural gas transportation. (Oil and Gas) www.somersetgas.com	26.5337 Units.		4/1/05		3%		719,097		125,000		0.2%


Subtotal Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments						$	20,852,060	$	19,726,463


Affiliate Investments – 66.3% of net assets(g)(k)

Applied Image, Inc. Rochester NY. Global supplier of precision imaged optical components and calibration standards for a wide range of industries and applications. (Manufacturing) www.appliedimage.com	$1,750,000 Term Note at 10% due February 1, 2029. Warrant for 1,167 Shares.		12/31/21 12/31/21		12%	$	1,750,000 —	$	1,750,000 —		3.0%

	Total Applied Image					$	1,750,000	$	1,750,000



BMP Food Service Supply Holdco. LLC(m) Salt Lake City, UT. Provides design, distribution, and installation services for commercial kitchens renovations and new builds. (Professional Services) www.foodservicesupply.com	$2,500,000 Term Note at 12% due November 22, 2027. 24.83% Preferred Interest		11/22/22		24%		2,500,000 600,000		2,500,000 600,000		5.4%

	Total BMP Food Service Supply						3,100,000		3,100,000



BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC(m) Plano, TX. Designs, installs, and maintains a variety of fire protection systems. (Professional Services)	$1,600,000 Term Note at 12% due September 4, 2026. Preferred Membership Interest for 9.29%.		3/4/21 3/4/21		9%		1,600,000 233,333	$	1,600,000 233,333		3.2%

	Total BMP Swanson						1,833,333		1,833,333

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity		Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets

Carolina Skiff LLC(m) Waycross, GA. Manufacturer of ocean fishing and pleasure boats. (Manufacturing) www.carolinaskiff.com	6.0825% Class A Common Membership Interest.		1/30/04		7%		15,000		1,957,000		3.4%

DSD Operating, LLC(l)(m) Duluth, GA. Design and renovate auto dealerships. (Automotive) www.dsdteam.com	$3,063,276 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due September 30, 2026. 1,067 Class A Preferred Shares. 1,067 Class B Common Shares.		9/30/21		11%		3,139,782 1,067,500 —		3,139,782 1,954,198 —		8.8%

	Total DSD						4,207,282		5,093,980


Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC DBA Autotality(l)(m) Deerfield Beach, FL. Provides spray booth equipment, frame repair machines and paint booth filter services for collision shops. (Automotive) www.autotality.com	$2,283,702 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) modified to 8% PIK and 6% payable in A-0 shares for the period May 1, through December 31, 2022, due December 4, 2023. 626.2 Shares Class A-1 Units. 417.7 Shares Class A-0 Units.		11/18/19 6/3/22 9/30/22		8%		2,633,105 626,243 139,232		2,633,105 256,994 139,232		5.3%

	Total Filterworks						3,398,580		3,029,331


Knoa Software, Inc.(e) New York, NY. End user experience management and performance (EMP) solutions utilizing enterprise applications. (Software) www.knoa.com	973,533 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 1,876,922 Series B Preferred.		11/20/12 6/9/14		7%		750,000 479,155		— 100,000		0.2%

	Total Knoa						1,229,155		100,000


Mezmeriz, Inc.(e) Ithaca, NY. Technology company developing novel reality capture tools for 3D mapping, reality modeling, object tracking and classification. (Electronics Developer) www.mezmeriz.com	1,554,565 Series Seed Preferred.		5/14/15		12%		742,850		—		0.0%

SciAps, Inc. Woburn, MA. Instrumentation company producing portable analytical devices using XRF, LIBS and RAMAN spectroscopy to identify compounds, minerals, and elements. (Manufacturing) www.sciaps.com	187,500 Series A Preferred. 274,299 Series A1 Convertible Preferred. 117,371 Series B Convertible Preferred. 113,636 Series C Convertible Preferred. 369,698 Series C1 Convertible Preferred. 147,059 Series D Convertible Preferred. Warrant to purchase Series D-1 Preferred. $2,090,000 Second Amended and Restated Secured Subordinated Promissory Note at 12% due August 20, 2024.		7/12/13 4/4/14 8/31/15 4/7/16 4/7/16 5/9/17 5/9/17 8/20/21		6%		1,500,000 504,710 250,000 175,000 399,274 250,000 45,000 2,085,000		1,500,000 504,710 250,000 175,000 399,274 250,000 45,000 2,085,000		9.0%

	Total SciAps						5,208,984		5,208,984

Seybert’s Billiards Corporation(l) Coldwater, MI. Billiard supplies. (Consumer Product) www.seyberts.com	$4,139,444 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026. Warrant for 4%. $1,435,435 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026. Warrant for 4%. 5.82 Common shares.		11/22/21 1/19/21 1/19/21 1/19/21 10/24/22		8%		4,184,106 25,000 1,440,855 25,000 194,000		4,184,106 25,000 1,440,855 25,000 194,000		10.2%

	Total Seybert’s						5,868,961		5,868,961

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity		Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value			Percent of Net Assets
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. Portland, ME. Provides network deployment construction and information system services management for cellular, fiber optic and wireless systems providers. Its affiliated entity, SQF, LLC is a CLEC supporting small cell 5G deployment. (Professional Services) www.tilsontech.com	120,000 Series B Preferred. 21,391 Series C Preferred. 70,176 Series D Preferred. 15,385 Series E Preferred. 211,567 Class A-1 Units of SQF Holdco LLC. 23,077 Series F Preferred.		1/20/15 9/28/16 9/29/17 3/15/19 3/15/19 6/15/20		9%		600,000 200,000 800,000 500,012 — 750,003		4,559,500 812,800 2,666,400 584,500 800,000 876,800			17.8%

	Total Tilson						2,850,015		10,300,000

	*2.5% dividend payable quarterly.


Subtotal Affiliate Investments						$	30,204,160	$	38,241,589

Control Investments – 6.1% of net assets(o)

ITA Acquisition, LLC(l)(m) Ormond Beach, FL. Blind and shade manufacturing. (Manufacturing) www.itainc.com	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. $1,500,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026.		6/22/21 6/22/21		37%		1,976,116 1,560,091		1,976,116 1,560,091			6.1%
	1,124 Class A Preferred Units and 1,924 Class B Common Units.		6/22/21				1,123,810		—

	Total ITA						4,660,017		3,536,207

Subtotal Control Investments						$	4,660,017	$	3,536,207

TOTAL INVESTMENTS – 106.6%						$	55,716,237	$	61,504,259

LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS – (6.6%)									(3,782,939	)

NET ASSETS – 100%								$	57,721,320

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)

Notes to the Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments

(a)

At December 31, 2022, restricted securities represented 90% of the fair value of the investment portfolio. Restricted securities are subject to one or more restrictions on resale and are not freely marketable. Type of investment for equity position is in the form of shares unless otherwise noted as units or interests, i.e., preferred shares, common shares.

(b)	The Date Acquired column indicates the date on which the Corporation first acquired an investment.

(c)

Each equity percentage estimates the Corporation’s ownership interest in the applicable portfolio investment. The estimated ownership is calculated based on the percent of outstanding voting securities held by the Corporation or the potential percentage of voting securities held by the Corporation upon exercise of warrants or conversion of debentures, or other available data. If applicable, the symbol “<1%” indicates that the Corporation holds an equity interest of less than one percent.

(d)

The Corporation’s investments are carried at fair value in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” which defines fair value and establishes guidelines for measuring fair value. At December 31, 2022, ASC 820 designates 90% of the Corporation’s investments as “Level 3” assets. Under the valuation policy of the Corporation, unrestricted publicly traded securities are valued at the average closing price for these securities for the last three trading days of the reporting period. Restricted securities are subject to restrictions on resale and are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our external investment advisor Rand Capital Management, LLC (“RCM”) and approved by the Board of Directors. Fair value is considered to be the amount that the Corporation may reasonably expect to receive for portfolio securities when sold on the valuation date. Valuations as of any particular date, however, are not necessarily indicative of amounts which may ultimately be realized as a result of future sales or other dispositions of securities and these favorable or unfavorable differences could be material. Among the factors considered in determining the fair value of restricted securities are the financial condition and operating results, projected operations, and other analytical data relating to the investment. Also considered are the market prices for unrestricted securities of the same class (if applicable) and other matters which may have an impact on the value of the portfolio company (see Note 2. “Investments” to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

(e)

These investments are non-income producing. All other investments are income producing. Non-income producing investments have not generated cash payments of interest or dividends including LLC tax-related distributions within the last twelve months or are not expected to do so going forward. If a debt or a preferred equity investment fails to make its most recent payment, then the investment will also be classified as non-income producing.

(f)

As of December 31, 2022, the total cost of investment securities was approximately $55.7 million. Net unrealized appreciation was approximately $5.8 million, which was comprised of $13.5 million of unrealized appreciation of investment securities and ($7.7) million of unrealized depreciation of investment securities. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate gross unrealized gain for federal income tax purposes was $13.2 million and the aggregate gross unrealized loss for federal income tax purposes was ($6.7) million. The net unrealized gain for federal income tax purposes was $6.5 million based on a tax cost of $55.0 million.

(g)

All of the Corporation’s portfolio assets are pledged as collateral for purposes of securing the Corporation’s senior secured revolving credit facility pursuant to a general security agreement, dated June 27, 2022, between the Corporation, the subsidiaries listed therein, and the Lender (as defined herein).

(h)	Reduction in cost and value from previously reported balances reflects current principal repayment.

(i)	Represents interest due (amounts over $50,000) from investments included as interest receivable on the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. None at December 31, 2022.

(j)	Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments are investments that are neither Control Investments nor Affiliate Investments.

(k)	Affiliate Investments are defined by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”), as those Non-Control investments in companies in which between 5% and 25% of the voting securities are owned by the Corporation.

(l)

Payment in kind (PIK) represents earned interest that is added to the cost basis of the investment and due at maturity. The amount of PIK earned is included in the interest rate detailed in the “Type of Investment” column, unless it has been noted with a (+), in which case the PIK is in addition to the face amount of interest due on the security.

(m)	Equity holdings are held in a wholly owned (100%) “blocker corporation” of Rand Capital Corporation or Rand Capital Sub LLC for federal income tax and Regulated Investment Company (RIC) compliance.

(n)	Publicly traded company.

(o)	Control Investments are defined by the 1940 Act as investments in companies in which more than 25% of the voting securities are owned by the Corporation or where greater than 50% of the board representation is maintained.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)

Investments in and Advances to Control and Affiliate Investments


Company	Type of Investment	January 1, 2022, Fair Value		Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)			Gross Additions (1)		Gross Reductions (2)			December 31, 2022, Fair Value		Net Realized (Losses) Gains		Amount of Interest/ Dividend/ Fee Income (3)

Control Investments:
ITA Acquisition	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. $1,500,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. 1,124 Class A Preferred Units and 1,924 Class B Common Units.	$	— — —	$	— — (748,810	)	$	1,976,116 1,560,091 748,810	$	— — —		$	1,976,116 1,560,091 —	$	— — —	$	159,738 127,117 —

	Total ITA		—		(748,810	)		4,285,017		—			3,536,207		—		286,855

	Total Control Investments	$	—	($	748,810	)	$	4,285,017		—		$	3,536,207	$	—	$	286,855

Affiliate Investments:

Applied Image Inc.	$1,750,000 Term Note at 10% due February 1, 2029.	$	1,750,000	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	1,750,000	$	—	$	184,022
Applied Image Inc.	Warrant for 1,167 shares.		—		—			—		—			—		—		—

	Total Applied Image		1,750,000		—			—		—			1,750,000		—		184,022


BMP Food Service Supply Holdco	$2,500,000 Term Note at 12% due November 22, 2027.		—		—			2,500,000		—			2,500,000		—		33,533
BMP Food Service Supply Holdco	24.83% Preferred Interest.		—		—			600,000		—			600,000		—		—

	Total FSS		—		—			3,100,000		—			3,100,000		—		33,533


BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC	$1,600,000 Term Note at 12% due September 4, 2026. Preferred Membership Interest for 9.29%.		1,600,000 233,333		— —			— —		— —			1,600,000 233,333		— —		201,334 —

	Total BMP Swanson		1,833,333		—			—		—			1,833,333		—		201,334


Carolina Skiff LLC	6.0825% Class A Common Membership interest.		1,300,000		657,000			—		—			1,957,000		—		653,437

DSD Operating, LLC	$3,063,276 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due September 30, 2026. 1,067 Class A Preferred shares. 1,067 Class B Common shares.		2,759,183 1,067,500 —		— 886,698 —			380,599 — —		— — —			3,139,782 1,954,198 —		— — —		720,247 — —

	Total DSD		3,826,683		886,698			380,599		—			5,093,980		—		720,247

Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC	$2,283,702 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) modified to 8% PIK and 6% payable in A-0 shares for the period May 1 through December 31, 2022 due December 4, 2023. 626.2 Class A Units. 417.7 Class A-0 Units.		2,446,617 256,994 —		— — —			186,488 — 139,232		— — —			2,633,105 256,994 139,232		— — —		358,545 — —

	Total Filterworks		2,703,611		—			325,720		—			3,029,331		—		358,545

ITA Acquisition	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. $1,500,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. 1,124 Class A Preferred Units. 1,924 Class B Common Units.		1,920,459 1,516,152 125,000 —		— — — —			29,324 23,151 623,810 —		(1,949,783) (1,539,303) (748,810) —			— — — —		— — — —		139,547 110,373 — —

	Total ITA		3,561,611		—			676,285		(4,237,896	)		—		—		249,920

Knoa Software, Inc.	973,533 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 1,876,922 Series B Preferred.		— 479,155		— (379,155	)		— —		— —			— 100,000		— —		— —

	Total Knoa		479,155		(379,155	)		—		—			100,000		—		—

Mezmeriz, Inc.	1,554,565 Series Seed Preferred.		—		—			—		—			—		—		—
Microcision	Membership Interest Purchase Warrant for 5%.		85,000		—			—		(85,000	)		—		190,000		—

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)


Company	Type of Investment	January 1, 2022, Fair Value		Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)		Gross Additions (1)		Gross Reductions (2)			December 31, 2022, Fair Value		Net Realized (Losses) Gains			Amount of Interest/ Dividend/ Fee Income (3)
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc.	22.84 Common.		—		—		—		—			—		(22,841	)		—

SciAps, Inc.	187,500 Series A Preferred. 274,299 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 117,371 Series B Convertible Preferred. 113,636 Series C Convertible Preferred. 369,698 Series C-1 Convertible Preferred. 147,059 Series D Convertible Preferred. Warrant to Purchase Series D-1 Preferred. $2,090,000 Second Amended and Restated Secured Subordinated Promissary Note at 12% due August 20, 2024.		210,000 96,000 124,000 84,000 207,000 250,000 — 1,480,000		1,290,000 408,710 126,000 91,000 192,274 — 45,000 —		— — — — — — — 605,000		— — — — — — — —			1,500,000 504,710 250,000 175,000 399,274 250,000 45,000 2,085,000		— — — — — — — —			— — — — — — — 231,520


	Total SciAps		2,451,000		2,152,984		605,000		—			5,208,984		—			231,520


Seybert’s Billiards Corporation	$4,139,444 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026. Warrant for 4%. $1,435,435 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026. Warrant for 4%. 5.82 Common shares.		1,907,775 25,000 1,406,690 25,000 —		— — — — —		2,276,331 — 34,165 — 194,000		— — — — —			4,184,106 25,000 1,440,855 25,000 194,000		— — — — —			532,377 — 216,720 — —

	Total Seybert’s		3,364,465		—		2,504,496		—			5,868,961		—			749,097


Tilson Technology Management, Inc.	120,000 Series B Preferred. 21,391 Series C Preferred. 70,176 Series D Preferred. 15,385 Series E Preferred. 211,567 Class A-1 Units of SQF Holdco LLC. 23,077 Series F Preferred.		3,900,000 695,000 2,280,000 500,012 800,000 750,003		659,500 117,800 386,400 84,488 — 126,797		— — — — — —		— — — — — —			4,559,500 812,800 2,666,400 584,500 800,000 876,800		— — — — — —			52,500 — — — — —


	Total Tilson		8,925,015		1,374,985		—		—			10,300,000		—			52,500


	Total Affiliate Investments	$	30,279,873	$	4,692,512	$	7,592,100	($	4,322,896	)	$	38,241,589	$	167,159		$	3,434,155


	Total Control and Affiliate Investments	$	30,279,873	$	3,943,702	$	11,877,117	($	4,322,896	)	$	41,777,796	$	167,159		$	3,721,010

This schedule should be read in conjunction with the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements, including the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments.

(1)

Gross additions include increases in the cost basis of investments resulting from new portfolio investments, follow on investments, capitalized interest and the accretion of discounts. Gross additions also include the movement of an existing portfolio company into this category and out of another category.

(2)	Gross reductions include decreases in the cost basis of investments resulting from principal repayments, sales, note conversions, the exchange of existing securities for new securities and the movement of an existing portfolio company out of this category and into another category.

(3)	Represents the total amount of interest, fees or dividends credited to income for the portion of the period an investment was included in “Control or Affiliate” categories, respectively.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2022 (Continued)


Industry Classification	Percentage of Total Investments (at fair value) as of December 31, 2022
Professional Services		31.4	%
Manufacturing		22.6
Consumer Product		16.2
Automotive		13.2
Software		10.1
BDC Investment Funds		6.3
Oil and Gas		0.2

Total Investments		100	%

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity			Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments – 55.6% of net assets: (j)

ACV Auctions, Inc. NASDAQ: ACVA(e)(g)(n)(p) Buffalo, NY. Live mobile wholesale auctions for new and used car dealers. (Software) www.acvauctions.com	442,934 Class A Common stock valued at $18.81.		8/12/16		<1	%	$	121,659	$	8,333,065		13.7	%

Ares Capital Corporation NASDAQ: ARCC(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	27,000 shares.		3/16/20		<1	%		343,460		567,090		0.9	%

Barings BDC, Inc. NYSE: BBDC(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	40,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1	%		333,352		438,000		0.7	%

Caitec, Inc. Halethorpe, MD. Pet product manufacturer and distributor. (Consumer Goods) www.caitec.com	$1,750,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 1, 2026. 150 Class A Units. (g) $1,750,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 1, 2026.		11/6/20 11/6/20 11/6/20		4	%		1,791,278 150,000 1,791,278		1,791,278 150,000 1,791,278		6.4	%
	(g) 150 Class A Units.		11/6/20					150,000		150,000

	Total Caitec							3,882,556		3,882,556


Empire Genomics, Corp.(g) Buffalo, NY. Molecular diagnostics company that offers a comprehensive menu of assay services for diagnosing and guiding patient therapeutic treatments. (Health Care) www.empiregenomics.com	$444,915 + $1,000,000 Secured Promissory Notes at 8% due December 31, 2026.		5/3/21		0	%		1,444,915		1,444,915		2.4	%

FS KKR Capital Corp. NYSE: FSK(n) Philadelphia, PA. (BDC Investment Fund)	54,000 shares.		3/16/20		<1	%		849,438		1,127,160		1.9	%

Golub Capital BDC, Inc. NASDAQ: GBDC(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	31,250 shares.		3/16/20		<1	%		403,910		481,563		0.8	%

GoNoodle, Inc.(g)(h)(l) Nashville, TN. Student engagement education software providing core aligned physical activity breaks. (Software) www.gonoodle.com	$1,500,000 Secured Note at 12% (1% PIK) due September 30, 2024. Warrant for 47,324 Series C Preferred. Warrant for 21,948 Series D Preferred.		11/1/19 3/1/15 11/1/19		<1	%		1,487,801 25 38		1,487,801 25 38		2.5	%

	Total GoNoodle							1,487,864		1,487,864


HDI Acquisition LLC (Hilton Displays)(l) Greenville, NC. HDI is engaged in manufacturing, installation and maintenance of signage and brands. (Manufacturing) www.hiltondisplays.com	$1,245,119 Term Loan at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 20, 2023.		11/8/19		0	%		1,301,195		1,301,195		2.1	%

Lumious (Tech 2000, Inc.)(g) Herndon, VA. Develops and delivers IT training. (Software) www.t2000inc.com	$850,000 Replacement Term Note at 14% due November 15, 2023.		11/16/18		0	%		860,777		860,777		1.4	%

Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC(l) Dallas, TX. Provider of upscale salon spaces for lease. (Professional Services) www.mattisonsalonsuites.com	$1,794,944 Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Promissory Note at 14% (2% PIK) due December 9, 2023.		6/23/21		0	%		1,819,362		1,819,362		3.0	%

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity			Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets

Nailbiter, Inc. Reston, VA. Video-metrics data analytics supporting name brand consumer products groups (CPG) shopping behavioral insight. (Professional Services) www.nailbiter.com	$2,250,000 Membership Interest of USB Focus Fund Nailbiter I, LLC with economic interest of $2,250,000 Subordinated Secured Promissory Note at 10% due November 23, 2024. Warrants for Preferred stock of Nailbiter, Inc.		11/22/21		<1	%		2,250,000 —		2,250,000 —		3.7	%

	Total Nailbiter							2,250,000		2,250,000


OnCore Golf Technology, Inc.(e)(g) Buffalo, NY. Patented and proprietary golf balls utilizing technology and innovation. (Consumer Product) www.oncoregolf.com	300,483 Preferred AA.		11/30/18		3	%		752,712		300,000		0.5	%

Open Exchange, Inc.(e)(g) (Formerly KnowledgeVision Systems, Inc.) Lincoln, MA. Online presentation and training software. (Software) www.openexc.com	397,899 Series C Preferred. 397,899 Common.		11/13/13 10/22/19		3	%		1,193,697 208,243		2,785,000 2,785,000		9.2	%

	Total Open Exchange							1,401,940		5,570,000


Owl Rock Capital Corporation NYSE:ORCC(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	30,000 shares.		3/16/20		<1	%		347,067		427,600		0.7	%

PennantPark Investment Corporation NASDAQ: PNNT(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	195,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1	%		892,212		1,345,500		2.2	%

PostProcess Technologies, Inc.(e)(g) Buffalo, NY. Provides innovative solutions for the post-processing of additive manufactured 3D parts. (Manufacturing) www.postprocess.com	360,002 Series A1 Preferred.		11/1/19		<1	%		348,875		348,875		0.6	%

Rheonix, Inc.(e) Ithaca, NY. Developer of fully automated microfluidic based molecular assay and diagnostic testing devices. (Health Care) www.rheonix.com	9,676 Common. (g) 1,839,422 Series A Preferred. (g) 50,593 Common. (g) 589,420 Series B Preferred.		10/29/09 12/12/13 10/24/09 9/29/15		4	%		— 2,099,999 — 702,732		— — — —		0.0	%

	Total Rheonix							2,802,731		—


SocialFlow, Inc.(e)(g) New York, NY. Provides instant analysis of social networks using a proprietary, predictive analytic algorithm to optimize advertising and publishing. (Software) www.socialflow.com	1,049,538 Series B Preferred. 1,204,819 Series B-1 Preferred. 717,772 Series C Preferred.		4/5/13 4/8/14 6/26/15		4	%		500,000 750,000 500,000		35,000 52,000 35,000		0.2	%

	Total Social Flow							1,750,000		122,000


Somerset Gas Transmission Company, LLC(e)(m) Columbus, OH. Natural gas transportation. (Oil and Gas) www.somersetgas.com	26.5337 Units.		4/1/05		3	%		719,097		500,000		0.8	%

TCG BDC, Inc. NASDAQ: CGBD(n) New York, NY. (BDC Investment Fund)	86,000 shares.		8/13/20		<1	%		899,749		1,181,067		1.9	%


Subtotal Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments							$	25,012,871	$	33,788,589

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity			Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value		Percent of Net Assets
Affiliate Investments – 49.9% of net assets(k)

Applied Image, Inc. Rochester NY. Global supplier of precision imaged optical components and calibration standards for a wide range of industries and applications. (Manufacturing) www.appliedimage.com	$1,750,000 Term Note at 10% due February 1, 2029. Warrant for 1,167 shares.		12/31/21 12/31/21		12	%	$	1,750,000 —	$	1,750,000 —		2.9	%

	Total Applied Image							1,750,000		1,750,000



BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC(g)(m) Plano, TX. Designs, installs and maintains a variety of fire protection systems. (Professional Services)	$1,600,000 Term Note at 12% due September 4, 2026. Preferred Membership Interest for 9.29%.		3/4/21 3/4/21		9	%		1,600,000 233,333	$	1,600,000 233,333		3.0	%

	Total BMP Swanson							1,833,333		1,833,333


Carolina Skiff LLC(g)(m) Waycross, GA. Manufacturer of ocean fishing and pleasure boats. (Manufacturing) www.carolinaskiff.com	6.0825% Class A Common Membership Interest.		1/30/04		7	%		15,000		1,300,000		2.2	%

DSD Operating, LLC(m) Duluth, GA. Design and renovate auto dealerships. (Automotive) www.dsdteam.com	$2,745,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due September 30, 2026. 1,067 Class A Preferred shares. 1,067 Class B Common shares.		9/30/21		11	%		2,759,183 1,067,500 —		2,759,183 1,067,500 —		6.3	%

	Total DSD							3,826,683		3,826,683


Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC DBA Autotality(l)(m) Deerfield Beach, FL. Provides spray booth equipment, frame repair machines and paint booth filter services for collision shops. (Automotive) www.autotality.com	$2,283,702 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK), modified to 4% (+10% PIK) through March 31, 2022 due December 4, 2023. 626 Class A Units.		11/8/19 12/28/21		9	%		2,446,617 626,243		2,446,617 256,994		4.5	%

	Total Filterworks							3,072,860		2,703,611


ITA Acquisition, LLC(m) Ormond Beach, FL. Blind and shade manufacturing. (Manufacturing) www.itainc.com	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. (g) $1,500,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 21, 2026. (g) 500 Class A Preferred Units and 500 Class B Common Units.		6/22/21 6/22/21 6/22/21		24	%		1,920,459 1,516,152 500,000		1,920,459 1,516,152 125,000		5.9	%

	Total ITA							3,936,611		3,561,611


Knoa Software, Inc.(e)(g) New York, NY. End user experience management and performance (EMP) solutions utilizing enterprise applications. (Software) www.knoa.com	973,533 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 1,876,922 Series B Preferred.		11/20/12 6/9/14		7	%		750,000 479,155		— 479,155		0.8	%

	Total Knoa							1,229,155		479,155



Mezmeriz, Inc.(e)(g) Ithaca, NY. Technology company developing novel reality capture tools for 3D mapping, reality modeling, object tracking and classification. (Electronics Developer) www.mezmeriz.com	1,554,565 Series Seed Preferred.		5/14/15		12	%		742,850		—		0.0	%

Microcision LLC(g) Pennsauken Township, NJ. Manufacturer of precision machined medical implants, components and assemblies. (Manufacturing) www.microcision.com	Membership Interest Purchase Warrant for 5%.		1/10/20		5	%		110,000		85,000		0.1	%

New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc.(e)(g) Cortland, NY. Manufactures and services vertical/horizontal machining centers. (Manufacturing) www.monarchmt.com	22.84 Common.		1/17/08		15	%		22,841		—		0.0	%

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)


Company, Geographic Location, Business Description, (Industry) and Website	(a) Type of Investment	(b) Date Acquired		(c) Equity			Cost		(d)(f) Fair Value			Percent of Net Assets

SciAps, Inc.(e)(g) Woburn, MA. Instrumentation company producing portable analytical devices using XRF, LIBS and RAMAN spectroscopy to identify compounds, minerals, and elements. (Manufacturing) www.sciaps.com	187,500 Series A Preferred. 274,299 Series A1 Convertible Preferred. 117,371 Series B Convertible Preferred. 113,636 Series C Convertible Preferred. 369,698 Series C1 Convertible Preferred. 147,059 Series D Convertible Preferred. Warrant to purchase Series D-1 Preferred.		7/12/13 4/4/14 8/31/15 4/7/16 4/7/16 5/9/17 5/9/17		6	%		1,500,000 504,710 250,000 175,000 399,274 250,000 45,000		210,000 96,000 124,000 84,000 207,000 250,000 —			4.0	%
	$1,500,000 Second Amended and Restated Secured Subordinated Promissory Note at 12% due August 20, 2024.		8/20/21					1,480,000		1,480,000

	Total SciAps							4,603,984		2,451,000

Seybert’s Billiards Corporation Coldwater, MI. Billiard supplies. (Consumer Product) www.seyberts.com	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026. Warrant for 4%.		11/22/21 1/19/21		8	%		1,907,775 25,000		1,907,775 25,000			5.5	%
	(g) $1,400,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026.		1/19/21					1,406,690		1,406,690
	Warrant for 4%.		1/19/21					25,000		25,000

	Total Seybert’s							3,364,465		3,364,465

Tilson Technology Management, Inc.(g) Portland, ME. Provides network deployment construction and information system services management for cellular, fiber optic and wireless systems providers. Its affiliated entity, SQF, LLC is a CLEC supporting small cell 5G deployment. (Professional Services) www.tilsontech.com	120,000 Series B Preferred. 21,391 Series C Preferred. 70,176 Series D Preferred. 15,385 Series E Preferred. 211,567 SQF Hold Co. Common. 23,077 Series F Preferred.		1/20/15 9/28/16 9/29/17 3/15/19 3/15/19 6/15/20		9	%		600,000 200,000 800,000 500,012 — 750,003		3,900,000 695,000 2,280,000 500,012 800,000 750,003			14.7	%

	Total Tilson							2,850,015		8,925,015

	*2.5% dividend payable quarterly.
Subtotal Affiliate Investments							$	27,357,797	$	30,279,873

TOTAL INVESTMENTS – 105.5%							$	52,370,668	$	64,068,462

LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS – (5.5%)										(3,323,046	)

NET ASSETS – 100%									$	60,745,416

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)

Notes to the Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments

(a)

At December 31, 2021, restricted securities represented 78% of the fair value of the investment portfolio. Restricted securities are subject to one or more restrictions on resale and are not freely marketable. Type of investment for equity position is in the form of shares unless otherwise noted as units or interests, i.e., preferred shares, common shares.

(b)	The Date Acquired column indicates the date on which the Corporation first acquired an investment.

(c)

(d)

The Corporation’s investments are carried at fair value in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” which defines fair value and establishes guidelines for measuring fair value. At December 31, 2021, ASC 820 designates 78% of the Corporation’s investments as “Level 3” assets. Under the valuation policy of the Corporation, unrestricted publicly traded securities are valued at the average closing price for these securities for the last three trading days of the reporting period. Restricted securities are subject to restrictions on resale and are valued at fair value as determined by our external investment advisor Rand Capital Management, LLC (“RCM”) and submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. Fair value is considered to be the amount that the Corporation may reasonably expect to receive for portfolio securities when sold on the valuation date. Valuations as of any particular date, however, are not necessarily indicative of amounts which may ultimately be realized as a result of future sales or other dispositions of securities and these favorable or unfavorable differences could be material. Among the factors considered in determining the fair value of restricted securities are the financial condition and operating results, projected operations, and other analytical data relating to the investment. Also considered are the market prices for unrestricted securities of the same class (if applicable) and other matters which may have an impact on the value of the portfolio company (see Note 2. “Investments” to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

(e)

(f)

As of December 31, 2021, the total cost of investment securities was approximately $52.4 million. Net unrealized appreciation was approximately $11.7 million, which was comprised of $21.2 million of unrealized appreciation of investment securities and ($9.5) million of unrealized depreciation of investment securities. At December 31, 2021, the aggregate gross unrealized gain for federal income tax purposes was $20.6 million and the aggregate gross unrealized loss for federal income tax purposes was ($9.6) million. The net unrealized gain for federal income tax purposes was $11.0 million based on a tax cost of $53.0 million.

(g)	Rand Capital investment held by Rand Capital Sub LLC.

(h)	Reduction in cost and value from previously reported balances reflects current principal repayment.

(i)	Represents interest due (amounts over $50,000) from investments included as interest receivable on the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

(j)	Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments are investments that are neither Control Investments nor Affiliate Investments.

(k)	Affiliate Investments are defined by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”), as those Non-Control investments in companies in which between 5% and 25% of the voting securities are owned by the Corporation.

(l)

(m)	Equity holdings are held in a wholly owned (100%) “blocker corporation” of Rand Capital Corporation or Rand Capital Sub LLC for federal income tax and Regulated Investment Company (RIC) compliance.

(n)	Publicly traded company.

(o)	Control Investments are defined by the 1940 Act as investments in companies in which more than 25% of the voting securities are owned by the Corporation or where greater than 50% of the board representation is maintained.

(p)	Subsequent to December 31, 2021, ACV Auction’s (ACVA) public market share price had a trading range on NASDAQ of $10.30 to $19.73 for the period of January 1^st to February 28th, 2022. The Corporation’s value per share on December 31, 2021 was $18.81.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)

Investments in and Advances to Affiliates


Company	Type of Investment	January 1, 2021, Fair Value		Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)			Gross Additions (1)		Gross Reductions (2)			December 31, 2021 Fair Value		Net Realized (Losses) Gains			Amount of Interest/ Dividend/ Fee Income (3)

Control Investments:

Empire Genomics Corp.	$444,915 Secured Promissory Note at 8% due December 31, 2026. 1,576,499 common shares.	$	— —	$	— —		$	444,915 157,655	($	444,915 (157,655	) )	$	— —	($	308,676 —	)	$	23,068 —

	Total Empire	$	—	$	—			602,570		(602,570	)		—		(308,676	)		23,068

	Total Control Investments	$	—	$	—		$	602,570	($	602,570	)	$	—	($	308,676	)	$	23,068

Affiliate Investments:

Applied Image Inc.	$1,750,000 Term Note at 10% due December 28, 2028. Warrant for 1,167 shares.	$	— —	$	— —		$	1,750,000 —	$	— —		$	1,750,000 —	$	— —		$	17,500 —

	Total Applied Image		—		—			1,750,000		—			1,750,000		—			17,500


BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC	$1,600,000 Term Note at 12% due September 4, 2026. Preferred Membership Interest for 9.29%.		— —		— —			1,600,000 233,333		— —			1,600,000 233,333		— —			166,623 —

	Total BMP Swanson		—		—			1,833,333		—			1,833,333		—			166,623


Carolina Skiff LLC	6.0825% Class A Common Membership interest.		1,500,000		(200,000	)		—		—			1,300,000		—			214,265

ClearView Social, Inc.	312,500 Series Seed Plus Preferred.		200,000		—			—		(200,000	)		—		135,430			—

DSD Operating, LLC	$2,745,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due September 30, 2026. 1,067 Class A Preferred shares. 1,067 Class B Common shares.		— — —		— — —			2,759,183 1,067,500 —		— — —			2,759,183 1,067,500 —		— — —			103,089 — —

	Total DSD		—		—			3,826,683		—			3,826,683		—			103,089


Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC	$2,283,702 Term Note at 12%. 562.5 Class A Units.		2,349,831 562,500		— (369,249	)		96,786 63,743		— —			2,446,617 256,994		— —			336,090 —

	Total Filterworks		2,912,331		(369,249	)		160,529		—			2,703,611		—			336,090


ITA Acquisition LLC	$1,900,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 22, 2026.		—		—			1,920,459		—			1,920,459		—			147,049
	(g) $1,500,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due June 22, 2026.		—		—			1,516,152		—			1,516,152		—			118,220
	(g) 500 Class A Preferred Units and 500 Class B Common Units.		—		(375,000	)		500,000		—			125,000		—			14,096

	Total ITA		—		(375,000	)		3,936,611		—			3,561,611		—			279,365


Knoa Software, Inc.	973,533 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 1,876,922 Series B Preferred.		544,860 479,155		(544,860 —	)		— —		— —			— 479,155		— —			87,771 —

	Total Knoa		1,024,015		(544,860	)		—		—			479,155		—			87,771


Mezmeriz, Inc.	1,554,565 Series Seed Preferred.		—		—			—		—			—		—			—

Microcision LLC	$1,500,000 Subordinated Promissory Note at 10%. Membership Interest Purchase Warrant for 5%.		1,411,997 95,000		— (10,000	)		88,003 —		(1,500,000 —	)		— 85,000		57,215 —			126,711 —

	Total Microcision		1,506,997		(10,000	)		88,003		(1,500,000	)		85,000		57,215			126,711

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)


Company	Type of Investment	January 1, 2021, Fair Value		Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)			Gross Additions (1)		Gross Reductions (2)			December 31, 2021 Fair Value		Net Realized (Losses) Gains			Amount of Interest/ Dividend/ Fee Income (3)

New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc.	22.84 Common.		22,841		(22,841	)		—		—			—		—			—

OnCore Golf Technology, Inc.	300,483 Series AA Preferred.		300,000		—			—		(300,000	)		—		—			—

SciAps, Inc.	187,500 Series A Preferred. 274,299 Series A-1 Convertible Preferred. 117,371 Series B Convertible Preferred. 113,636 Series C Convertible Preferred. 369,698 Series C-1 Convertible Preferred. 147,059 Series D Convertible Preferred. Warrant to Purchase Series D-1 Preferred. $1,500,000 Subordinated Promissory Note at 12%.		— — — — — 250,000 — 1,465,000		210,000 96,000 124,000 84,000 207,000 — — —			— — — — — — — 15,000		— — — — — — — —			210,000 96,000 124,000 84,000 207,000 250,000 — 1,480,000		— — — — — — — —			— — — — — — — 215,000

	Total SciAps		1,715,000		721,000			15,000		—			2,451,000		—			215,000


Seybert’s Billiards Corporation	$1,400,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026.		—		—			1,907,775		—			1,907,775		—			209,904
	Warrant for 4%.		—		—			25,000		—			25,000		—			—
	(g) $1,400,000 Term Note at 12% (+2% PIK) due January 19, 2026.		—		—			1,406,690		—			1,406,690		—			201,922
	Warrant for 4%.		—		—			25,000		—			25,000		—			—


	Total Seybert’s		—		—			3,364,465		—			3,364,465		—			411,826


Tilson Technology Management, Inc.	120,000 Series B Preferred. 21,391 Series C Preferred. 70,176 Series D Preferred. 15,385 Series E Preferred. 23,077 Series F Preferred. 211,567 SQF Hold Co. Common.		1,950,000 347,604 1,140,360 500,012 750,003 22,036		1,950,000 347,396 1,139,640 — — 777,964			— — — — — —		— — — — — —			3,900,000 695,000 2,280,000 500,012 750,003 800,000		— — — — — —			52,500 — — — — —

	Total Tilson		4,710,015		4,215,000			—		—			8,925,015		—			52,500


	Total Affiliate Investments	$	13,891,199	$	3,414,050		$	14,974,623	($	2,000,000	)	$	30,279,873	$	192,645		$	2,010,740


	Total Control and Affiliate Investments	$	13,891,199	$	3,414,050		$	15,577,193	($	2,602,570	)	$	30,279,873	($	116,031	)	$	2,033,808

(1)

(2)	Gross reductions include decreases in the cost basis of investments resulting from principal repayments, sales, note conversions, the exchange of existing securities for new securities and the movement of an existing portfolio company out of this category and into another category.

(3)	Represents the total amount of interest, fees or dividends credited to income for the portion of the period an investment was included in “Control or Affiliate” categories, respectively.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

December 31, 2021 (Continued)


Industry Classification	Percentage of Total Investments (at fair value) as of December 31, 2021
Software		26.3	%
Professional Services		23.1
Manufacturing		16.8
Consumer Product		11.8
Automotive		10.2
BDC Investment Funds		8.7
Healthcare		2.3
Oil and Gas		0.8

Total Investments		100	%

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS SCHEDULE

For the Five Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018

The following is a schedule of financial highlights for the years ended:


	2022			2021			2020			2019 (2)(3)			2018 (2)
Per Share Data: (1)
Net asset value, beginning of year	$	23.54		$	17.86		$	32.93		$	44.88		$	45.44
Net investment income (loss)		1.72			(1.01	)		0.68			(0.06	)		(0.10	)
Net realized gains (losses)		0.27			2.26			(2.32	)		0.54			(1.41	)
Net change in unrealized (depreciation) appreciation		(2.33	)		4.87			1.93			(1.89	)		0.95

Net (decrease) increase in net assets from operations		(0.34	)		6.12			0.29			(1.41	)		(0.56	)

Purchase of treasury shares		0.00			0.00			(0.03	)		0.00			0.00
Effect of the stock dividend		0.00			0.00			(12.16	)		0.00			0.00
Dilutive effect of issuance of common stock		0.00			0.00			0.00			(10.54	)		0.00
Payment of cash dividend		(0.83	)		(0.44	)		(3.17	)		0.00			0.00

(Decrease) increase in net assets		(1.18	)		5.68			(15.07	)		(11.95	)		(0.56	)

Net asset value, end of year	$	22.36		$	23.54		$	17.86		$	32.93		$	44.88

Per share market value, end of year	$	13.32		$	16.99		$	17.60		$	24.12		$	22.50

Total return based on market value (4)		(16.99	%)		6.51	%		(22.64	%)		7.20	%		(17.22	%)
Total return based on net asset value (5)		(1.45	%)		34.28	%		(40.87	%)		(26.61	%)		(1.24	%)
Supplemental Data:
Net assets, end of period	$	57,721,320		$	60,745,416		$	46,104,830		$	53,628,516		$	31,524,187
Ratio of expenses before income taxes to average net assets		1.89	%		12.49	%		3.96	%		7.70	%		6.92	%
Ratio of expenses including taxes to average net assets		2.25	%		12.11	%		6.62	%		6.00	%		5.73	%
Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets		7.48	%		(4.88	%)		3.52	%		(0.24	%)		(0.22	%)
Portfolio turnover		11.2	%		37.8	%		29.4	%		8.8	%		7.4	%

(1)	Per share data are based on shares outstanding and results are rounded.

(2)	Share and per share data included in this schedule has been retroactively restated to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split in May 2020.

(3)	Average net assets are computed on a quarterly basis for 2019.

(4)	Total return based on market is calculated as the change in market value per share during the period plus declared dividends per share, assuming reinvestment of dividends, divided by the beginning market value per share

(5)	Total return based on net asset value is calculated as the change in net asset value per share during the period plus declared dividends per share, divided by the beginning net asset value per share.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Business – Rand Capital Corporation (“Rand” or the “Corporation”) was incorporated under the laws of New York in 1969. Beginning in 1971, Rand operated as a publicly traded, closed-end, diversified management company that was registered under Section 8 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”).

In 2001, Rand elected to be regulated as a business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). As a BDC, Rand is required to comply with certain regulatory requirements specified in the 1940 Act. For instance, it generally has to invest at least 70% of total assets in “qualifying assets” and provide managerial assistance to the portfolio companies in which they invest.

In 2002, Rand formed a wholly owned subsidiary Rand Capital SBIC, Inc. (“Rand SBIC”) for the purpose of operating it as a small business investment company (“SBIC”) licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and received an SBA license to operate as an SBIC in 2002. In 2012, the SEC granted an Order of Exemption for Rand with respect to the operations of Rand SBIC. At that time, although Rand SBIC was operated as if it were a BDC, it was registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Upon Rand’s receipt of the order granting the exemptions, Rand SBIC filed an election to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. In November 2021, Rand SBIC repaid its $11,000,000 in outstanding debentures to the SBA and received approval from the SBA to surrender its SBA license. This subsidiary was renamed Rand Capital Sub, Inc., and merged with and into Rand Capital Sub LLC (“Rand Sub”). All of Rand’s investments going forward are expected to be made out of Rand Capital Corporation.

In November 2019, Rand completed a stock sale transaction (the “Closing”) with East Asset Management (“East”). The transaction consisted of a $25 million investment in Rand by East, in exchange for approximately 8.3 million shares of Rand common stock. The consideration paid by East for the shares of Rand common stock was comprised of approximately $15.5 million of cash and a contribution of $9.5 million of portfolio assets (the “Contributed Assets”). Concurrent with the Closing, Rand’s management and staff became employees of Rand Capital Management, LLC (“RCM”), a registered investment adviser that has been retained by Rand as its external investment adviser. In connection with retaining RCM as investment adviser, on November 8, 2019, Rand entered into an investment advisory and management agreement (the “Prior Investment Management Agreement”) and an administration agreement (the “Prior Administration Agreement”) with RCM pursuant to which RCM serves as Rand’s investment adviser and administrator (the Closing and the retention of RCM as investment adviser and administrator are collectively referred to herein as the “Transaction”). In connection with a change of control of RCM, Rand’s shareholders were asked to approve a new investment advisory and management agreement (the “Investment Management Agreement”) with RCM at a special meeting of shareholders held on December 16, 2020 (the “Special Meeting”). The terms of the Investment Management Agreement are identical to those contained in the Prior Investment Management Agreement, with RCM continuing to provide investment advisory and management services to Rand. Following approval by Rand’s shareholders at the Special Meeting, Rand, on December 31, 2020, entered into the Investment Management Agreement and a new administration agreement (the “Administration Agreement”) with RCM and terminated the Prior Administration Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, Rand pays RCM a base management fee and may pay an incentive fee, if specified benchmarks are met.

Rand is an externally managed, closed-end, diversified management investment company. In connection with the completion of the Transaction, Rand shifted to an investment strategy focused on higher yielding debt investments and elected U.S. Federal tax treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) as of January 1, 2020 on its U.S. Federal tax return for the 2020 tax year. As required for the RIC election, Rand paid a special dividend to shareholders to distribute all of its accumulated earnings and profits since inception to 2019. Rand’s Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $23.7 million, or approximately $1.62 per share, on March 3, 2020. The cash and shares of Rand’s common stock comprising the special dividend were distributed on May 11, 2020 to shareholders. In addition, Rand’s Board of Directors declared a 2020 cash dividend of $1.33 per share on

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

December 21, 2020. This cash dividend was paid on January 19, 2021 to shareholders of record as of December 31, 2020. The cash dividend represented over 90% of Rand’s estimated investment company taxable income for 2020.

The Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2021:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.10	March 15, 2021	March 29, 2021	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.10	June 2, 2021	June 16, 2021	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.10	September 2, 2021	September 16, 2021	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.10	December 20, 2021	December 31, 2021	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.04	December 20, 2021	December 31, 2021	Supplemental

The Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.15	March 14, 2022	March 28, 2022	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.15	June 1, 2022	June 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.15	September 1, 2022	September 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.20	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.18	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Supplemental

In order to qualify to make the RIC election, Rand placed several of its equity investments in newly formed holding companies that facilitate a tax structure that is advantageous to the RIC election. Rand has the following wholly-owned blocker companies in place at December 31, 2022: Rand Somerset Holdings Corp., Rand Carolina Skiff Holdings Corp., Rand DSD Holdings Corp., Rand Filterworks Holdings Corp., Rand ITA Holdings Corp., Rand BMP Swanson Holdings Corp., and Rand FSS Holdings Corp. (the “Blocker Corps”). These subsidiaries are consolidated using United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for financial reporting purposes.

The following discussion describes the operations of Rand and its wholly owned subsidiaries Rand Sub, Rand Somerset Holdings Corp., Rand Carolina Skiff Holdings Corp., Rand DSD Holdings Corp., Rand Filterworks Holdings Corp., Rand ITA Holdings Corp., Rand BMP Swanson Holdings Corp., and Rand FSS Holdings Corp. (collectively, the “Corporation”).

On October 7, 2020, Rand, RCM and certain of their affiliates received an exemptive order from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to permit Rand to co-invest in portfolio companies with certain affiliates, including other BDCs and registered investment companies, managed by RCM and certain of its affiliates in a manner consistent with Rand’s investment objective, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). On March 29, 2021, the SEC granted Rand, RCM, Callodine Group, LLC (“Callodine”), and certain of their affiliates a new exemptive order (the “New Order”) that superseded the Order and permits Rand to co-invest with affiliates managed by RCM and Callodine. The New Order was sought in connection with the completion of the Adviser Change of Control. After the Adviser Change of Control, Callodine held a controlling interest in RCM. Pursuant to the New Order, Rand is generally permitted to co-invest with affiliates covered by the New Order if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of Rand’s independent

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to Rand and its shareholders and do not involve overreaching in respect of Rand or its shareholders on the part of any person concerned, (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of Rand’s shareholders and is consistent with Rand’s investment objective and strategies and, (3)the investment by Rand’s affiliates would not disadvantage Rand, and Rand’s participation would not be on a basis different from or less advantageous than that on which Rand’s affiliates are investing. In addition, on September 6, 2022, the SEC granted an amendment to the New Order to permit Rand to participate in follow-on investments in its existing portfolio companies with certain Affiliated Funds (as defined in the New Order) that do not hold any investments in such existing portfolio companies.

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rand and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated statement of financial position of cash, interest receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments.

Investment Classification – In accordance with the provisions of the 1940 Act, the Corporation classifies its investments by level of control. Under the 1940 Act “Control Investments” are investments in companies that the Corporation is deemed to “Control” if it owns more than 25% of the voting securities of the company or has greater than 50% representation on the company’s board. “Affiliate Investments” are companies in which the Corporation owns between 5% and 25% of the voting securities. “Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments” are those companies that are neither Control Investments nor Affiliate Investments.

Investments – Investments are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by RCM and approved by Rand’s Board of Directors. The Corporation generally invests in loan instruments, debt instruments, and equity instruments and there is no single standard for determining fair value of these investments. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio company while employing a consistent valuation process. The Corporation analyzes and values each investment quarterly and records unrealized depreciation for an investment that it believes has become impaired, including where collection of a loan or debt security or realization of the recorded value of an equity security is doubtful. Conversely, the Corporation will record unrealized appreciation if it believes that an underlying portfolio company has appreciated in value and, therefore, its equity securities have also appreciated in value. Additionally, the Corporation continues to assess any material risks associated with this fair value determination, including risks associated with material conflicts of interest. Under the valuation policy of the Corporation, unrestricted publicly traded securities are valued at the average closing price for these securities for the last three trading days of the reporting period. (See Note 2 “Investments.”)

Qualifying Assets – The Corporation’s portfolio of investments includes both qualifying and non-qualifying assets. A majority of the Corporation’s investments represent qualifying investments in privately held businesses, principally based in the United States, and represent qualifying assets as defined by Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act. The non-qualifying assets generally include investments in other publicly traded BDC investment companies and other publicly traded securities.

Revenue Recognition – Interest Income – Interest income is recognized on the accrual basis except where the investment is in default or otherwise presumed to be in doubt. In such cases, interest is recognized at the time of receipt. A reserve for possible losses on interest receivable is maintained when appropriate. Interest income is not recognized if collection is doubtful, and a 100% reserve is established. The collection of interest is presumed to be in doubt when there is substantial doubt about a portfolio company’s ability to continue as a going concern or a loan is in default for more than 120 days. RCM also uses other qualitative and quantitative measures to determine the value of a portfolio investment and the collectability of any accrued interest.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Corporation holds debt securities in its investment portfolio that contain payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest provisions. PIK interest, computed at the contractual rate specified in each debt agreement, is periodically added to the principal balance of the debt and is recorded as interest income. Thus, the actual collection of this interest may be deferred until the time of debt principal repayment.

Revenue Recognition – Dividend Income – The Corporation may receive cash distributions from portfolio companies that are limited liability companies or corporations, and these distributions are classified as dividend income on the consolidated statement of operations. Dividend income is recognized on an accrual basis when it can be reasonably estimated.

The Corporation may hold preferred equity securities that contain cumulative dividend provisions. Cumulative dividends are recorded as dividend income, if declared and deemed collectible, and any dividends in arrears are recognized into income and added to the balance of the preferred equity investment. The actual collection of these dividends in arrears may be deferred until such time as the preferred equity is redeemed.

Revenue Recognition – Fee Income – Consists of the revenue associated with the amortization of financing fees charged to the portfolio companies upon successful closing of a financing and income associated with portfolio company board attendance fees. The income associated with the amortization of financing fees was $120,914, $87,018 and $29,188, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is estimated to be approximately $114,000 in 2023, $105,000 in 2024 and $100,000 in 2025. The board fees earned were $25,000, $14,096 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Corporation recorded $10,000 in non-recurring loan monitoring fees. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Corporation recorded $55,500 in non-recurring fees related to prepayment fees, application fees and loan monitoring fees. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Corporation recorded non-recurring fees of approximately $96,000 that represented prepayment fees.

Realized Gain or Loss and Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation of Investments – Amounts reported as realized gains and losses are measured by the difference between the proceeds from the sale or exchange and the cost basis of the investment without regard to unrealized gains or losses recorded in prior periods. Proceeds held in escrow are reported in other assets. The cost of securities that have, in management’s judgment, become worthless are written off and reported as realized losses when appropriate. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the difference between the valuation of the investments and the cost basis of the investments.

Original Issue Discount – Investments may include “original issue discount”, or OID, income. This occurs, for example, when the Corporation purchases a warrant and a note from a portfolio company simultaneously, which requires an allocation of a portion of the purchase price to the warrant and reduces the purchase price allocated to the note by an equal amount in the form of a note discount or OID. The note is reported net of the OID and the OID is accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. The Corporation recognized $25,008, $112,175 and $47,801 in OID income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. OID income is estimated to be approximately $15,000 for 2023.

Deferred Financing Fees – Origination and commitment costs related to the senior secured revolving credit facility with M&T Bank, (See Note 5 “Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility”), are amortized ratably over the term of the Credit Agreement. Amortization expense was approximately $12,500 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Amortization expense is estimated to be $25,000 in 2023, $25,000 in 2024, and $25,000 in 2025

Deferred Debenture Costs – SBA debenture origination and commitment costs, which are netted against the debenture, are amortized ratably over the term of the SBA debentures. In November 2021, Rand SBIC repaid its $11,000,000 in outstanding debentures to the SBA and expensed all remaining SBA debenture origination and commitment costs. In addition, in November 2021, Rand SBIC received approval from the SBA to surrender its SBA license. There was no amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. Amortization expense was approximately $175,400 and $37,700 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Net Assets Per Share – Net assets per share are based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding. There are no common stock equivalents outstanding.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information – Income taxes refunded during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 amounted to $5,284, $131,934 and $121,277, respectively. Interest paid during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $48,274, $567,070 and $380,124, respectively. During 2022, 2021 and 2020 the Corporation converted $739,356, $346,045, and $361,662, respectively, of interest receivable and payment-in-kind (PIK) interest into debt investments.

Concentration of Credit and Market Risk – The Corporation’s financial instruments potentially subject it to concentrations of credit risk. Cash is invested with banks in amounts which, at times, exceed insured limits. Management does not anticipate non-performance by the banks.

The following are the concentrations of the top five portfolio company values to the fair value of the Corporation’s total investment portfolio:


	December 31, 2022
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		17	%
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s)		10	%
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		8	%
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		8	%
Caitec, Inc. (Caitec)		6	%

	December 31, 2021
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		14	%
ACV Auctions, Inc. (ACV)		13	%
Open Exchange, Inc. (Open Exchange)		9	%
Caitec, Inc. (Caitec)		6	%
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		6	%

Income Taxes – The Corporation reviews the tax positions it has taken to determine if they meet the “more likely than not threshold” for the benefit of the tax position to be recognized in the financial statements. A tax position that fails to meet the more likely than not recognition threshold will result in either a reduction of a current or deferred tax asset or receivable, or the recording of a current or deferred tax liability. (See Note 4 “Income Taxes.”)

Accounting Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

NOTE 2. – INVESTMENTS

The Corporation’s investments are carried at fair value in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Corporation uses several approaches to determine the fair value of an investment. The main approaches are:

•

Equity securities may be valued using the “asset approach”, “market approach” or “income approach.” The asset approach involves estimating the liquidation value of the portfolio company’s assets. To the extent the value exceeds the remaining principal amount of the debt or loan securities of the portfolio company, the fair value of such securities is generally estimated to be their cost. However, where value is less than the remaining principal amount of the loan and debt securities, the Corporation may discount the value of an equity security. The market approach uses observable prices and other relevant information generated by similar market transactions. It may include both private and public M&A transactions where the traded price is a multiple of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization) or another relevant operating metric. It may also include the market value of comparable public companies that are trading in an active market, or the use of market multiples derived from a set of comparables to assist in pricing the investment. Additionally, the Corporation adjusts valuations if a subsequent significant equity financing has occurred that includes a meaningful portion of the financing by a sophisticated, unrelated new investor. The income approach employs valuation techniques to convert future benefits or costs, usually in the form of cash flows, into a present value amount. The measurement is based on value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts.

ASC 820 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, used in the Corporation’s valuation at the measurement date. Under the valuation policy, the Corporation values unrestricted publicly traded companies, categorized as Level 1 investments, at the average closing bid price for the last three trading days of the reporting period.

Level 3: Unobservable and significant inputs to determining the fair value.

At December 31, 2022, 10% of the Corporation’s investments were Level 1 investments and 90% were Level 3 investments. At December 31, 2021, 22% of the Corporation’s investments were Level 1 investments and 78% were Level 3 investments. There were no Level 2 investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

In the valuation process, the Corporation values restricted securities, categorized as Level 3 investments, using information from these portfolio companies, which may include:

•

Audited and unaudited statements of operations, balance sheets and operating budgets;

•

Current and projected financial, operational and technological developments of the portfolio company;

•

Current and projected ability of the portfolio company to service its debt obligations;

•

The current capital structure of the business and the seniority of the various classes of equity if a deemed liquidation event were to occur;

•

Pending debt or capital restructuring of the portfolio company;

•

Current information regarding any offers to purchase the investment, or recent fundraising transactions;

•

Current ability of the portfolio company to raise additional financing if needed;

•

Changes in the economic environment which may have a material impact on the operating results of the portfolio company;

•

Internal circumstances and events that may have an impact (both positive and negative) on the operating performance of the portfolio company;

•

Qualitative assessment of key management;

•

Contractual rights, obligations or restrictions associated with the investment; and

•

Other factors deemed relevant to assess valuation.

Equity Securities

Equity securities may include preferred stock, common stock, warrants and limited liability company membership interests.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s equity investments are EBITDA and revenue multiples, where applicable, the financial and operational performance of the business, and the debt and senior equity preferences that may exist in a deemed liquidation event. Standard industry multiples may be used when available; however, the Corporation’s portfolio companies are typically small and in early stages of development and these industry standards may be adjusted to more closely match the specific financial and operational performance of the portfolio company. Due to the nature of certain investments, fair value measurements may be based on other criteria, which may include third party appraisals. Significant changes in any of these unobservable inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value estimate.

Another key factor used in valuing equity investments is a significant recent arms-length equity transaction entered into by the portfolio company with a sophisticated, non-strategic, unrelated, new investor. The terms of these equity transactions may not be identical to the equity transactions between the portfolio company and the Corporation, and the impact of the difference in transaction terms on the market value of the portfolio company may be difficult or impossible to quantify.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

stage companies. Significant changes in any of these unobservable inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value estimate.

For investments made within the last year, the Corporation generally relies on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent the fair value, unless other fair value inputs are identified causing the Corporation to depart from this basis.

Loan and Debt Securities

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s loan and debt securities are the financial and operational performance of the portfolio company, similar debt with similar terms with other portfolio companies, as well as the market acceptance for the portfolio company’s products or services. These inputs will likely provide an indicator as to the probability of principal recovery of the investment. The Corporation’s loan and debt investments are often junior secured or unsecured securities. Fair value may also be determined based on other criteria where appropriate. Significant changes to the unobservable inputs may result in a change in fair value. For recent investments, the Corporation generally relies on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent the fair value, unless other fair value inputs are identified causing the Corporation to depart from this basis.

The following table provides a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the Corporation’s Level 3 portfolio investments as of December 31, 2022:


Investment Type	Market Approach EBITDA Multiple		Market Approach Liquidation Seniority		Market Approach Revenue Multiple		Market Approach Transaction Pricing		Totals
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Equity	$	300,000	$	125,000	$	1,401,940	$	200,063	$	2,027,003
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Loan and Debt		6,840,200		2,201,712		—		2,250,000		11,291,912

Total Non-Control/ Non-Affiliate	$	7,140,200	$	2,326,712	$	1,401,940	$	2,450,063	$	13,318,915

Affiliate Equity	$	4,784,757	$	—	$	3,223,984	$	10,900,000	$	18,908,741
Affiliate Loan and Debt		12,997,848		—		2,085,000		4,250,000		19,332,848

Total Affiliate	$	17,782,605	$	—	$	5,308,984	$	15,150,000	$	38,241,589

Control Equity	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Control Debt		—		3,536,207		—		—		3,536,207

	$	—	$	3,536,207	$	—	$	—	$	3,536,207

Total Level 3 Investments	$	24,922,805	$	5,862,919	$	6,710,924	$	17,600,063	$	55,096,711

Range		5-6.5X		1X		1X-4X		Not Applicable
Unobservable Input		EBITDA Multiple		Asset Value		Revenue Multiple		Transaction Price
Weighted Average		5.5 X		1X		2.0X		Not Applicable

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table provides a summary of the components of Level 1, 2 and 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value at December 31, 2022:


			Fair Value Measurements at Reported Date Using
Description	December 31, 2022		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Other Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Loan investments	$	14,578,351	$	—	$	—	$	14,578,351
Debt investments		19,582,616		—		—		19,582,616
Equity investments		27,343,292		6,407,548		—		20,935,744

Total	$	61,504,259	$	6,407,548	$	—	$	55,096,711

The following table provides a summary of changes in Assets Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022:


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description	Loan Investments		Debt Investments		Equity Investments			Total
Ending Balance December 31, 2021, of Level 3 Assets	$	15,503,404	$	14,030,078	$	20,633,935		$	50,167,417
Realized gains (losses) included in net change in net assets from operations:
ClearView Social, Inc. (Clearview Social)		—		—		53,783			53,783
GiveGab, Inc. (Givegab)		—		—		1,919			1,919
Microcision, LLC (Microcision)		—		—		190,000			190,000
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch)		—		—		(22,841	)		(22,841	)
SocialFlow, Inc. (Social Flow)		—		—		(1,481,498	)		(1,481,498	)

*Total realized gains (losses)*		—		—		(1,258,637	)		(1,258,637	)
Unrealized gains/(losses) included in net change in net assets from operations:
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)		—		—		657,000			657,000
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		—		—		886,698			886,698
ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA)		—		—		(748,810	)		(748,810	)
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		—		—		(379,155	)		(379,155	)
Microcision		—		—		25,000			25,000
New Monarch		—		—		22,841			22,841
OnCore Golf Technology, Inc. (OnCore)		—		—		(200,000	)		(200,000	)
Open Exchange, Inc. (Open Exchange)		—		—		(4,168,060	)		(4,168,060	)
Post Process Technologies, Inc. (Post Process)		—		—		(248,875	)		(248,875	)
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		—		—		2,152,984			2,152,984
Social Flow		—		—		1,628,000			1,628,000
Somerset Gas Transmission Company, LLC (Somerset)		—		—		(375,000	)		(375,000	)
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		—		—		1,374,985			1,374,985

*Total unrealized gains (losses)*		—		—		627,608			627,608

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description	Loan Investments			Debt Investments			Equity Investments			Total
Purchases of securities/changes to securities/non-cash conversions:
BMP Food Service Supply Holdco, LLC (FSS)		—			2,500,000			600,000			3,100,000
Caitec, Inc. (Caitec)		73,326			—			—			73,326
DSD		380,599			—			—			380,599
Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC (Filterworks)		—			186,488			139,232			325,720
GoNoodle, Inc. (GoNoodle)		—			14,142			—			14,142
HDI Acquisition LLC (Hilton Displays)		—			26,587			—			26,587
ITA		99,595			—			623,810			723,405
Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC (Mattison)		37,175			—			—			37,175
Sciaps		—			605,000			—			605,000
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s)		—			2,310,496			194,000			2,504,496

*Total purchases of securities/changes to securities/non-cash conversions*		590,695			5,642,713			1,557,042			7,790,450
Repayments and sale of securities:
Clearview Social		—			—			(53,783	)		(53,783	)
Empire Genomics, Corp. (Empire)		(1,444,915	)		—			—			(1,444,915	)
Givegab		—			—			(1,919	)		(1,919	)
GoNoodle		—			(90,175	)		—			(90,175	)
Microcision		—			—			(300,000	)		(300,000	)
Social Flow		—			—			(268,502	)		(268,502	)
Lumious (Tech 2000, Inc.)		(70,833	)		—			—			(70,833	)

*Total repayments and sale of securities*		(1,515,748	)		(90,175	)		(624,204	)		(2,230,127	)
Transfers within Level 3		—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3		—			—			—			—

Ending Balance December 31, 2022, of Level 3 Assets	$	14,578,351		$	19,582,616		$	20,935,744		$	55,096,711

Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments for the period included in changes in net assets										($	5,909,772	)
Net realized gain on investments for the period included in changes in net assets										$	705,493

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table provides a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the Corporation’s Level 3 portfolio investments as of December 31, 2021:


Investment Type	Market Approach EBITDA Multiple		Market Approach Liquidation Seniority		Market Approach Revenue Multiple		Market Approach Transaction Pricing		Totals
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Equity	$	—	$	500,000	$	—	$	6,640,938	$	7,140,938
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Loan and Debt		3,120,557		2,348,578		—		7,277,471		12,746,606

Total Non-Control/ Non-Affiliate	$	3,120,557	$	2,848,578	$	—	$	13,918,409	$	19,887,544

Affiliate Equity	$	1,681,994	$	—	$	1,450,155	$	10,360,848	$	13,492,997
Affiliate Loan and Debt		2,446,617		—		—		14,340,259		16,786,876

Total Affiliate	$	4,128,611	$	—	$	1,450,155	$	24,701,107	$	30,279,873

Control Equity	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Control Debt		—		—		—		—		—

	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Total Level 3 Investments	$	7,249,168	$	2,848,578	$	1,450,155	$	38,619,516	$	50,167,417

Range		5-5.5X		1X		1.5X-5X		Not Applicable
Unobservable Input		EBITDA Multiple		Asset Value		Revenue Multiple		Transaction Price
Weighted Average		5.4X		1X		2.7X		Not Applicable

The following table provides a summary of the components of Level 1, 2 and 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value at December 31, 2021:


			Fair Value Measurements at Reported Date Using
Description	December 31, 2021		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Other Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Loan investments	$	15,503,404	$	—	$	—	$	15,503,404
Debt investments		14,030,078		—		—		14,030,078
Equity investments		34,534,980		13,901,045		—		20,633,935

Total	$	64,068,462	$	13,901,045	$	—	$	50,167,417

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table provides a summary of changes in Assets Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2021:


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description	Loan Investments		Debt Investments		Equity Investments			Total
Ending Balance December 31, 2020, of Level 3 Assets	$	6,771,394	$	9,799,365	$	20,181,405		$	36,752,164
Realized gains (losses)included in net change in net assets from operations:
Centivo Corporation (Centivo)		—		—		1,614,433			1,614,433
ClearView Social, Inc. (Clearview Social)		—		—		135,430			135,430
Empire Genomics, Corp. (Empire Genomics)		—		—		(308,676	)		(308,676	)
First Wave Technologies, Inc. (First Wave)		—		—		(661,563	)		(661,563	)
GiveGab, Inc. (GiveGab)		—		—		1,846,705			1,846,705
Mercantile Adjustment Bureau, LLC (Mercantile)		—		—		36,000			36,000
Microcision, LLC (Microcision)		—		—		57,215			57,215

*Total realized gains*		—		—		2,719,544			2,719,544
Unrealized gains/(losses) included in net change in net assets from operations:
Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff)		—		—		(200,000	)		(200,000	)
Centivo		—		—		(584,832	)		(584,832	)
Empire Genomics		—		—		1,151,021			1,151,021
Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC (Filterworks)		—		—		(369,249	)		(369,249	)
First Wave		—		—		628,563			628,563
ITA Acquisition, LLC (ITA)		—		—		(375,000	)		(375,000	)
Knoa Software, Inc. (Knoa)		—		—		(544,860	)		(544,860	)
Mercantile		—		849,040		97,625			946,665
Microcision		—		—		(10,000	)		(10,000	)
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. (New Monarch)		—		—		(22,841	)		(22,841	)
Open Exchange, Inc. (Open Exchange)		—		—		4,918,061			4,918,061
Post Process Technologies, Inc. (Post Process)		—		—		(122,728	)		(122,728	)
Rheonix, Inc. (Rheonix)		—		—		(702,732	)		(702,732	)
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		—		—		721,000			721,000
SocialFlow, Inc. (Socialflow)		—		—		(201,487	)		(201,487	)
Tilson Technology Management, Inc. (Tilson)		—		—		4,215,000			4,215,000

*Total unrealized gains (losses)*		—		849,040		8,597,541			9,446,581
Purchases of securities/changes to securities/non-cash conversions:
Applied Image, Inc. (Applied Image)		—		1,750,000		—			1,750,000
Caitec, Inc. (Caitec)		71,854		—		—			71,854
DSD Operating, LLC (DSD)		2,759,183		—		1,067,500			3,826,683
Filterworks		—		96,786		63,743			160,529
GoNoodle, Inc. (GoNoodle)		—		15,234		—			15,234
HDI Acquisition LLC (Hilton Displays)		—		26,055		—			26,055
ITA		3,436,611		—		500,000			3,936,611
Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC (Mattison)		691,547		5,611		—			697,158
Microcision		—		88,003		—			88,003
Nailbiter, Inc. (Nailbiter)		—		2,250,000		—			2,250,000
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation (Seybert’s)		—		3,314,466		50,000			3,364,466
SciAps, Inc. (Sciaps)		—		15,000		—			15,000
BMP Swanson Holdco, LLC (Swanson)		1,600,000		—		233,333			1,833,333

*Total purchases of securities/changes to securities/non-cash conversions*		8,559,195		7,561,155		1,914,576			18,034,926

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description	Loan Investments			Debt Investments			Equity Investments			Total
Repayments and sale of securities:
Advantage 24/7, LLC (Advantage 24/7)		(55,000	)		—			—			(55,000	)
Centivo		—			—			(2,415,775	)		(2,415,775	)
Clearview Social		—			—			(335,430	)		(335,430	)
Givegab		—			—			(2,462,926	)		(2,462,926	)
GoNoodle		—			(44,972	)		—			(44,972	)
Mercantile		—			(1,349,040	)		(133,625	)		(1,482,665	)
Microcision		—			(1,500,000	)		(57,215	)		(1,557,215	)
Science and Medicine Group, Inc. (SMG)		(1,900,000	)		—			—			(1,900,000	)

*Total repayments and sale of securities*		(1,955,000	)		(2,894,012	)		(5,404,971	)		(10,253,983	)
Transfers within Level 3		2,127,815			(1,285,470	)		(842,345	)		—
Transfers out of Level 3		—			—			(6,531,815	)		(6,531,815	)

Ending Balance December 31, 2021, of Level 3 Assets	$	15,503,404		$	14,030,078		$	20,633,935		$	50,167,417


Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments for the period included in changes in net assets										$	12,369,606
Net realized gain on investments for the period included in changes in net assets										$	5,820,354

NOTE 3. – OTHER ASSETS

Other assets was comprised of the following at December 31:


	2022		2021
Dividend receivables	$	102,655	$	99,720
Deferred financing fees, net		112,500		—
Escrow receivables		68,983		71,765
Prepaid expenses		10,905		9,972

Total other assets	$	295,043	$	181,457

Amortization expense related to the deferred financing fees during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $12,500.

NOTE 4. – INCOME TAXES

The Corporation elected to be treated, for income tax purposes, as a RIC for the 2022 and 2021 tax years under Subchapter M of the Code. As a result, the Corporation did not pay corporate-level federal income taxes on any net ordinary income or capital gains that the Corporation distributed to its stockholders as dividends. The Corporation must distribute substantially all of its respective investment company taxable income each tax year as dividends to its stockholders to maintain its RIC status. Accordingly, no provision for federal income tax has been made in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021, respectively.

Distributions from net investment income and distributions from net realized capital gains are determined in accordance with U.S. federal tax regulations, which may differ from amounts determined in accordance with GAAP and those differences could be material. These book-to-tax differences are either temporary or permanent in nature. Reclassifications due to permanent book-tax differences, including the offset of net operating losses against short-term gains and nondeductible meals and entertainment, have no impact on net assets.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following differences were reclassified for tax purposes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021¹:


	2022			2021
Decrease in capital in excess of par value	($	215,542	)	($	323,736	)
Increase in total distributable earnings		215,542			323,736

Taxable income generally differs from net increase (decrease) in net assets for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses and generally excludes unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments, as investment gains and losses are not included in taxable income until they are realized.

The following table reconciles net increase in net assets resulting from operations to taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:


	2022			2021
Net (decrease) increase in net assets resulting from operations	($	881,849	)	$	15,797,428
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments		6,017,752			(12,581,982	)
Net change in deferred tax liability		44,862			(89,768	)
GAAP versus tax basis consolidation of subsidiaries		(863,702	)		(214,965	)
Other permanent book income and tax income differences		170,680			102,462
Temporary book income and tax income differences		(803,001	)		(2,266,409	)

Taxable income²	$	3,684,742		$	746,766

For tax purposes, distributions paid to shareholders are reported as ordinary income, long term capital gains and return of capital, or a combination thereof. The tax character of distributions paid and deemed paid during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:


	2022		2021
Ordinary income	$	2,142,247	$	825,029
Long-term capital gains		—		—
Return of Capital		—		311,042

Total	$	2,142,247	$	1,136,071

The determination of the tax attributes of the Corporation’s distributions is made annually as of the end of the Corporation’s fiscal year based upon the Corporation’s taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. The actual tax characteristics of distributions to shareholders are reported to shareholders annually on Form 1099-DIV.

¹	The Corporation’s permanent book-to-tax reclassifications for 2022 are an estimate and will not be finalized until the Corporation files its 2022 federal income tax returns in 2023. Therefore, the Corporation’s actual permanent book-to tax reclassifications may be different than this estimate.

The Corporation’s taxable income for 2022 is an estimate and will not be finalized until the Corporation files its 2022 federal income tax returns in 2023. Therefore, the Corporation’s actual taxable income and the Corporation’s actual taxable income that was earned in 2022 and carried forward for distribution in 2023 may be different than this estimate.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The tax basis components of distributable earnings/(accumulated losses) and reconciliation to accumulated earnings/(deficit) on a book basis for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:


	2022		2021
Undistributed ordinary income – tax basis	$	250,428	$	—
Net change in unrealized appreciation on investments		5,993,782		12,011,534
GAAP vs tax basis consolidation of subsidiaries		863,702		214,965
Other temporary differences		1,389,575		3,573,476

Total accumulated earnings – book basis	$	8,497,487	$	15,799,975

The differences between components of distributable earnings on a tax basis and the amounts reflected in the consolidated statement of changes in net assets are primarily due to temporary book-tax differences that will reverse in subsequent periods.

The Corporation has the following wholly-owned blocker companies in place at December 31, 2022: Rand Somerset Holdings Corp., Rand Carolina Skiff Holdings Corp., Rand DSD Holdings Corp., Rand Filterworks Holdings Corp., Rand ITA Holdings Corp., Rand BMP Swanson Holdings Corp., and Rand FSS Holdings Corp. (the “Blocker Corps”), which are taxable entities and therefore are not consolidated for tax purposes. The primary purpose of the Blocker Corps is to permit the Corporation to hold certain interests in portfolio companies that are organized as limited liability companies, or LLCs (or other forms of pass-through entities), and still allows it to satisfy the RIC tax requirement that at least 90% of its gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes must consist of qualifying investment income. The Blocker Corps are taxed at normal corporate tax rates based on their taxable income.

At December 31, 2022, the Corporation had a net deferred tax asset of $28,160 that primarily related to unrealized appreciation on investments held in the Blocker Corps. At December 31, 2021, the Corporation had a net deferred tax asset of $181,003 that primarily related to unrealized appreciation on investments held in the Blocker Corps.

Income Taxes on Blocker Corporations

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the tax rate expected to be in effect when the taxes are actually paid or recovered.

The tax effect of the major temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to the Corporation’s net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are approximately as follows:


	2022			2021
Investments	($	234,730	)	$	116,810
NOL & tax credit carryforwards		262,890			64,193

Deferred tax asset, net	$	28,160		$	181,003

The major temporary differences cited above include differences in the book and tax bases of the Corporation’s portfolio company investments, as well as unrealized gains and losses on corporate investments that will be taxed when realized in future years. The Corporation assesses the recoverability of its deferred tax assets annually to determine if a valuation allowance is necessary. In performing this assessment, it considers estimated future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The components of income tax expense (benefit) reported in the consolidated statements of operations are as follows for the years ended December 31:


	2022			2021			2020
Current:
Federal	$	173,235		$	85,829		($	2,743	)
State		(2,555	)		14,835			5,159

		170,680			100,664			2,416

Deferred:
Federal		92,304			(279,167	)		1,234,069
State		60,538			(22,977	)		91,270

		152,842			(302,144	)		1,325,339

Total	$	323,522		($	201,480	)	$	1,327,755

A reconciliation of the (benefit) expense from income taxes at the federal statutory rate to the expense reported is as follows:


	2022			2021			2020
Net investment gain (loss) gain, realized (loss) gain and unrealized gain (loss) before income taxes	($	558,327	)	$	15,595,948		$	2,071,521

Expected tax benefit at statutory rate		(117,249	)	$	3,275,149		$	435,019
State - net of federal effect		45,807			(8,142	)		76,179
Pass-through expense (benefit) from portfolio investment		721			(46,210	)		—
Tax effect of change to RIC		—			—			1,335,251
Valuation allowance		—			—			12,141
Tax benefit of RIC status		400,329			(3,426,735	)		(417,780	)
Carryback benefit from tax law change		—			—			(90,141	)
Other		(6,086	)		4,458			(22,914	)

Total	$	323,522		($	201,480	)	$	1,327,755

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Corporation had $955,952 and $1,025,262, respectively, of federal net operating loss carryforwards, $291,416 and $0, respectively, of business interest expense carryforwards and no capital loss carryforwards. For state tax purposes, there were various state net operating loss carryforwards totaling $567,127 and $1,003,889 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Under the provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”), net operating loss and credit carryforwards and other tax attributes may be subject to limitations if there has been a significant change in ownership in the Corporation, as defined by the IRC. Prior to the completion of the transaction with East in November 2019, the Corporation was able to utilize the remaining federal net operating losses. However, state net operating losses may be subject to similar limitations.

The Corporation is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2019 through 2022. In general, the Corporation’s state income tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ended December 31, 2019 through 2022.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

It is the Corporation’s policy to include interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities in income tax expense on the Statement of Operations. In addition, the Corporation records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, (“ASC 740”). ASC 740 provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. The uncertain tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were de minimis. No amounts were recorded for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and $2,627 was recorded in interest for the year ended December 31, 2021 for a late payment of federal taxes owing. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Corporation received $10,116 in interest income relating to an IRS carryback claim.

NOTE 5. – SENIOR SECURED REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY

On June 27, 2022, the Corporation entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with M&T Bank, as lender (the “Lender”), which provides the Corporation with a senior secured revolving credit facility in a principal amount not to exceed $25.0 million (the “Credit Facility”). The amount the Corporation can borrow, at any given time, under the Credit Facility is tied to a borrowing base, which is measured as (i) 75% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of the publicly traded equity securities held (other than shares of ACV Auctions) plus (ii) the least of (a) 75% of the fair market value of the shares of ACV Auctions held, (b) $6.25 million and (c) 25% of the aggregate borrowing base availability for the Credit Facility at any date of determination plus (iii) 50% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of eligible private loans held that meet specified criteria plus (iv) the lesser of (a) 50% of the aggregate sum of the fair market values of unsecured private loans held that meet specified criteria and (b) $1.25 million minus (v) such reserves as the Lender may establish from time to time in its sole discretion. The Credit Facility has a maturity date of June 27, 2027.

The Corporation’s borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate determined as a rate per annum equal to 3.50 percentage points above the greater of (i) the applicable daily simple secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) and (ii) 0.25%. In addition, under the terms of the Credit Facility, the Corporation has also agreed to pay the Lender an unused commitment fee on a quarterly basis, computed as 0.30% multiplied by the average daily Unused Commitment Fee Base (which is defined as the difference between (i) $25.0 million and (ii) the sum of the aggregate principal amount of the Corporation’s outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility) for the preceding quarter.

The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties and affirmative, negative and financial covenants usual and customary for agreements of this type, including among others, covenants that prohibit, subject to certain specified exceptions, the Corporation’s ability to merge or consolidate with other companies, sell any material part of the Corporation’s assets, incur other indebtedness, incur liens on the Corporation’s assets, make investments or loans to third parties other than permitted investments and permitted loans, and declare any distribution or dividend other than certain permitted distributions. The Credit Agreement includes the following financial covenants: (i) a tangible net worth covenant that requires the Corporation to maintain a Tangible Net Worth (defined in the Credit Agreement as the Corporation’s aggregate assets, excluding intangible assets, less all liabilities) of not less than $50.0 million, which is measured quarterly at the end of each fiscal quarter, (ii) an asset coverage ratio covenant that requires the Corporation to maintain an Asset Coverage Ratio (defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of the fair market value of all of the Corporation’s assets to the sum of all of the Corporation’s obligations for borrowed money plus all capital lease obligations) of not less than 3:1, which is measured quarterly at the end of each fiscal quarter and (iii) an interest coverage ratio covenant that requires the Corporation to maintain an Interest Coverage Ratio (defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to Interest Expense (as defined in the Credit Agreement)) of not less than 2.5:1, which is measured quarterly on a trailing twelve-months basis.

Events of default under the Credit Agreement which permit the Lender to exercise its remedies, including acceleration of the principal and interest on the Credit Facility, include, among others: (i) default in the payment

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

of principal or interest on the Credit Facility, (ii) default by the Corporation on any other obligation, condition, covenant or other provision under the Credit Agreement and related documents, (iii) failure by the Corporation to pay any material indebtedness or obligation owing to any third party or affiliate, or the failure by the Corporation to perform any agreement with any third party or affiliate that would have a material adverse effect on the Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv) the sale of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s assets to a third party, (v) various bankruptcy and insolvency events, and (vi) any material adverse change in the Corporation and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or their business, assets, operations, management, ownership, affairs, condition (financial or otherwise) or the Lender’s collateral that the Lender reasonably determines will have a material adverse effect on the Lender’s collateral, the Corporation and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or their business, assets, operation or condition (financial or otherwise) or on the Corporation’s ability to repay its debts.

In connection with entry into the Credit Facility, the Corporation and each of its subsidiaries that guaranty the Credit Facility entered into a general security agreement, dated June 27, 2022, with the Lender (the “Security Agreement”). The Security Agreement secures all of the Corporation’s obligations to the Lender, including, without limitation, principal and interest on the Credit Facility and any fees and charges. The security interest granted under the Security Agreement covers all of the Corporation’s personal property including, among other things, all accounts, chattel paper, investment property, deposit accounts, general intangibles, inventory, and all of the fixtures. The Security Agreement contains various representations, warranties, covenants and agreements customary in security agreements and various events of default with remedies under the New York Uniform Commercial Code and the Security Agreement. Events of default under the Security Agreement, which permit the Lender to exercise its various remedies, are similar to those contained in the Credit Agreement.

The outstanding balance drawn on the Credit Facility at December 31, 2022 was $2,550,000. Under the borrowing base formula described above, the unused line of credit balance was $19,300,000. A closing fee of $125,000 was paid related to the closing of this Credit Facility, and it is recorded in Other Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at December 31, 2022. This closing fee will be amortized over the life of the Credit Facility. Amortization expense related to the Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $12,500.

Information about the Corporation’s senior securities (including debt securities and other indebtedness) is shown in the following table.

Year

Total Amount
Outstanding (1)

Asset Coverage
Ratio Per Unit (2)

Involuntary
Liquidation Preference
Per Unit (3)

Average
Market Value
Per Unit (4)

December 31, 2022

Credit Facility

2,550,000

23,636

N/A

(1)	Total amount of each class of senior securities outstanding at the end of the period presented

(2)

Asset coverage per unit is the ratio of the carrying value of the Corporation’s total consolidated assets, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, to the aggregate amount of senior securities representing indebtedness. Asset coverage per unit is expressed in terms of dollar amounts per $1,000 of indebtedness.

(3)

The amount to which such class of senior security would be entitled upon the voluntary liquidation of the issuer in preference to any security junior to it. The N/A in this column indicates that the SEC expressly does not require this information to be disclosed for certain types of senior securities.

(4)	Average market value per unit is not applicable because these are not registered for public trading.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

NOTE 6. – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (NET ASSETS)

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were 500,000 shares of $10.00 par value preferred stock authorized and unissued.

On April 21, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan, which authorizes the Corporation to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s outstanding common stock with an aggregate cost of up to $1,500,000 at prices per share of common stock no greater than the then current net asset value per share. This new share repurchase authorization lasts for a period of 12 months from the authorization date until April 21, 2023. This new share repurchase plan replaces the share repurchase authorization that was previously approved by the Board of Directors in April 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Corporation did not repurchase any shares. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Corporation repurchased 1,148 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $20,771.

The Corporation’s Board of Directors declared the following cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022:


Quarter	Dividend/Share Amount	Record Date	Payment Date	Type
1^st	$0.15	March 14, 2022	March 28, 2022	Regular Quarterly
2^nd	$0.15	June 1, 2022	June 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
3^rd	$0.15	September 1, 2022	September 15, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.20	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Regular Quarterly
4^th	$0.18	December 19, 2022	December 30, 2022	Supplemental

Summary of changes in equity accounts:


	Common Stock		Capital in excess of par value			Treasury Stock, at cost			Total distributable (losses) earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity (Net Assets)
January 1, 2021	$	264,892	$	52,003,545		($	1,545,834	)	($	4,617,773	)	$	46,104,830
Dividend declaration		—		—			—			(1,136,071	)		(1,136,071	)
Tax reclassification of stockholders’ equity in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles		—		(323,736	)		—			323,736			—
Purchase of treasury shares		—		—			(20,771	)		—			(20,771	)
Net increase in net assets from operations		—		—			—			15,797,428			15,797,428

December 31, 2021	$	264,892	$	51,679,809		($	1,566,605	)	$	10,367,320		$	60,745,416

January 1, 2022	$	264,892	$	51,679,809		($	1,566,605	)	$	10,367,320		$	60,745,416
Dividend declaration		—		—			—			(2,142,247	)		(2,142,247	)
Tax reclassification of stockholders’ equity in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles		—		(215,542	)		—			215,542			—
Net decrease in net assets from operations		—		—			—			(881,849	)		(881,849	)

December 31, 2022	$	264,892	$	51,464,267		($	1,566,605	)	$	7,558,766		$	57,721,320

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

NOTE 7. – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Corporation had no commitments at December 31, 2022 or 2021.

In addition, the Corporation analyzed the new Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842 standard, Leases, and deemed the effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements to be immaterial.

NOTE 8. – QUARTERLY OPERATIONS AND EARNINGS DATA – UNAUDITED


	4^th Quarter		3^rd Quarter		2^nd Quarter			1^st Quarter
2022
Investment income	$	1,732,986	$	1,554,265	$	1,353,182		$	1,124,748
Net increase (decrease) in net assets from operations	$	320,175	$	1,104,902	($	1,896,389	)	($	410,537	)
Basic and diluted net increase (decrease) in net assets from operations per weighted share outstanding	$	0.12	$	0.43	($	0.73	)	($	0.16	)
2021
Investment income	$	1,236,531	$	1,012,343	$	811,037		$	1,016,392
Net increase in net assets from operations	$	944,635	$	2,321,200	$	4,500,834		$	8,030,759
Basic and diluted net increase in net assets from operations per weighted share outstanding	$	0.37	$	0.90	$	1.74		$	3.11

NOTE 9. – ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

The Corporation maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated uncollectible interest payments due from portfolio investments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a review of the overall condition of the receivable balances and a review of past due amounts. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts consist of the following:


	2022		2021			2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	—	($	15,000	)	($	166,413	)
Write offs/Recoveries		—		15,000			151,413

Balance at end of year	$	—	$	—		($	15,000	)

NOTE 10. – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Investment Management Agreement

Effective with the Closing, RCM, a registered investment adviser, has been retained by the Corporation as its external investment adviser and administrator. Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Corporation pays RCM, as compensation for the investment advisory and management services, fees consisting of two components: (i) the Base Management Fee and (ii) the Incentive Fee.

The “Base Management Fee” is calculated at an annual rate of 1.50% of the Corporation’s total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds). For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Base Management Fees earned by RCM were $927,226, $858,144 and $589,519, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Corporation had $230,221 and $238,862, respectively, payable for the Base Management Fees on its Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The “Incentive Fee” is comprised of two parts: (1) the “Income Based Fee” and (2) the “Capital Gains Fee”. The Income Based Fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on the “Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income” (as defined in the agreement) for the immediately preceding calendar quarter.

The Corporation pays RCM an Incentive Fee with respect to its Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income in each calendar quarter as follows:

(i) no Income Based Fee in any quarter in which the Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income for such quarter does not exceed the hurdle rate of 1.75% (7.00% annualized);

The Income Based Fee paid to RCM shall not be in excess of the Incentive Fee Cap. The “Incentive Fee Cap” for any quarter is an amount equal to (1) 20.0% of the Cumulative Net Return (as defined below) during the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period (as defined below) minus (2) the aggregate Income Based Fee that was paid in respect of the calendar quarters included in the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period.

For purposes of the calculation of the Income Based Fee, “Cumulative Net Return” is defined as (1) the aggregate net investment income in respect of the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period minus (2) any Net Capital Loss, if any, in respect of the relevant Income Based Fee Calculation Period. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap is zero or a negative value, we pay no Income Based Fee to RCM for such quarter. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter is a positive value but is less than the Income Based Fee that is payable to RCM for such quarter (before giving effect to the Incentive Fee Cap) calculated as described above, we pay an Income Based Fee to RCM equal to the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter. If, in any quarter, the Incentive Fee Cap for such quarter is equal to or greater than the Income Based Fee that is payable to RCM for such quarter (before giving effect to the Incentive Fee Cap) calculated as described above, we pay an Income Based Fee to the Adviser equal to the Income Based Fee calculated as described above for such quarter without regard to the Incentive Fee Cap.

For purposes of the calculation of the Income Based Fee, “Net Capital Loss,” in respect of a particular period, means the difference, if positive, between (1) aggregate capital losses, whether realized or unrealized, in such period and (2) aggregate capital gains, whether realized or unrealized, in such period.

Any Income Based Fee otherwise payable under the Investment Management Agreement with respect to Accrued Unpaid Income (such fees being the “Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees”) shall be deferred, on a security by security basis, and shall become payable to RCM only if, as, when and to the extent cash is received by us in respect of any Accrued Unpaid Income. Any Accrued Unpaid Income that is subsequently reversed by us in connection with a write-down, write-off, impairment or similar treatment of the investment giving rise to such Accrued Unpaid Income will, in the applicable period of reversal, (1) reduce Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income and (2) reduce the amount of Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees. Subsequent payments of Accrued Unpaid Income Based Fees deferred pursuant to this paragraph shall not reduce the amounts otherwise payable for any quarter as an Income Based Fee.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no Income Based Fees earned under the Investment Management Agreement.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The second part of the Incentive Fee is the “Capital Gains Fee”. This fee is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year. Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Capital Gains Fee is calculated at the end of each applicable year by subtracting (1) the sum of the cumulative aggregate realized capital losses and aggregate unrealized capital depreciation from (2) the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains, in each case calculated from November 8, 2019. If this amount is positive at the end of any calendar year, then the Capital Gains Fee for such year is equal to 20.0% of such amount, less the cumulative aggregate amount of Capital Gains Fees paid in all prior years. If such amount is negative, then there is no Capital Gains Fee payable for that calendar year. If the Investment Management Agreement is terminated as of a date that is not a calendar year end, the termination date shall be treated as though it were a calendar year end for purposes of calculating and paying the Capital Gains Fee.

For purposes of the Capital Gains Fee:

•

The cumulative aggregate realized capital gains are calculated as the sum of the differences, if positive, between (a) the net sales price of each investment in the Corporations portfolio when sold minus (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

•

The cumulative aggregate realized capital losses are calculated as the sum of the amounts by which (a) the net sales price of each investment in the portfolio when sold is less than (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

•

The aggregate unrealized capital depreciation is calculated as the sum of the amount, if negative, between (a) the valuation of each investment in the portfolio as of the applicable Capital Gains Fee calculation date minus (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Corporation recorded Capital Gains Fees payable of $332,000, $652,240 and $0, respectively. The Capital Gains Fee expense is recorded in the “Capital gains incentive fees” line on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the current amount payable is included in the “Due to investment adviser” line on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the Corporation is required to cumulatively accrue an incentive fee based on capital gains that includes net realized capital gains and losses and net unrealized capital appreciation and depreciation on investments held at the end of each period. The Corporation will accrue, but not pay, a portion of the Incentive Fee based on capital gains with respect to net unrealized appreciation. In calculating the accrual for the Incentive Fee based on capital gains, the Corporation considers the cumulative aggregate unrealized capital appreciation in the calculation, since an Incentive Fee based on capital gains would be payable if such unrealized capital appreciation were realized, even though such unrealized capital appreciation is not permitted to be considered in calculating the Capital Gains Fee payable under the Investment Management Agreement. This accrual is calculated using the aggregate cumulative realized capital gains and losses and aggregate cumulative unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation. If this amount is positive at the end of a period, the Corporation records a capital gains incentive fee equal to 20% of this amount, minus the aggregate amount of actual Incentive Fees based on capital gains paid in all prior periods. If such amount is negative, then there is no accrual for such period. There can be no assurance that such unrealized capital appreciation will be realized in the future. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Corporation recorded an accrual of capital gains incentive fees, in accordance with GAAP, of $2,167,000 and $3,547,760, respectively. The accrued capital gains incentive fees are recorded in the line item “Capital gains incentive fees” on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The expense related to the accrued capital gains incentive fee was ($1,048,760), $4,200,000 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively and is recorded on the “Capital gains incentive fees” line on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Administration Agreement

Under the terms of the Administration Agreement, RCM agreed to perform (or oversee, or arrange for, the performance of) the administrative services necessary for the Corporation’s operations, including, but not limited to, office facilities, equipment, clerical, bookkeeping, finance, accounting, compliance and record keeping services at such office facilities and such other services as RCM, subject to review by the Corporation’s Board of Directors, will from time to time determine to be necessary or useful to perform its obligations under the Administration Agreement. RCM shall also, arrange for the services of, and oversee, custodians, depositories, transfer agents, dividend disbursing agents, other shareholder servicing agents, accountants, attorneys, underwriters, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and such other persons in any such other capacity deemed to be necessary or desirable.

RCM is responsible for the Corporation’s financial and other records that are required to be maintained and prepares all reports and other materials required to be filed with the SEC or any other regulatory authority, including reports to shareholders. In addition, RCM assists in determining and publishing the Corporation’s net asset value (NAV), overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns, and the printing and dissemination of reports to shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered by others. RCM provides, on the Corporation’s behalf, managerial assistance to those portfolio companies that have accepted its offer to provide such assistance.

NOTE 11. – SUBSEQUENT EVENT

Subsequent to year end, on February 28, 2023, Rand’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.20 per share. The cash dividend will be paid on or about March 27, 2023 to shareholders of record as of March 13, 2023.

100

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

SCHEDULE OF CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN INVESTMENTS AT

COST AND REALIZED GAIN

For the Year Ended December 31, 2022


	Cost Increase (Decrease)			Realized Gain (Loss)
New investments:
BMP Food Service Supply Holdco. LLC	$	3,100,000		$	—
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation		2,394,000			—
ITA Acquisition, LLC		623,810			—
SciAps, Inc.		590,000			—
DSD Operating, LLC.		318,276			—

Total of new investments		7,026,086			—
Other changes to investments:
Filterworks Acquisition USA, LLC interest conversion		325,720			—
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation interest conversion		100,488			—
Caitec, Inc. interest conversion		73,326			—
ITA Acquisition, LLC interest conversion		99,595			—
DSD Operating, LLC interest conversion		62,323			—
Mattison Avenue Holdings LLC interest conversion		37,175			—
HDI Acquisition LLC interest conversion		26,587			—
SciAps, Inc. OID amortization		15,000			—
GoNoodle, Inc. interest conversion		14,142			—
Seybert’s Billiards Corporation OID amortization		10,008			—

Total of other changes to investments		764,364			—
Investments repaid, sold or liquidated:
SocialFlow, Inc. investment sold		(1,750,000	)		(1,481,498	)
Empire Genomics, Corp. loan repayment		(1,444,915	)		—
Golub Capital BDC, Inc. sell stock		(403,910	)		73,101
Owl Rock Capital Corporation sell stock		(347,067	)		97,932
Microcision LLC investment sold		(110,000	)		190,000
FS KKR Capital Corp. sell stock		(94,380	)		41,413
GoNoodle, Inc. principal payment		(90,175	)		—
Ares Capital Corporation sell stock		(76,320	)		50,238
Lumious (Tech 2000, Inc.) principal payment		(70,833	)		—
ACV Auctions, Inc. sell stock		(34,440	)		1,701,446
New Monarch Machine Tool, Inc. liquidated		(22,841	)		(22,841	)
ClearView Social, Inc. escrow receipt		—			53,783
GiveGab, Inc. escrow receipt		—			1,919

Total of investments repaid, sold or liquidated		(4,444,881	)		705,493

Net change in investments, at cost and total realized gain	$	3,345,569		$	705,493

101

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Rand Capital Corporation and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position, including the consolidated schedules of portfolio investments, of Rand Capital Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Corporation) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in net assets and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements, and the financial highlights schedule for each of the five years in the period ended December 31, 2022 (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements and financial highlights schedule present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Rand Capital Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements and the financial highlights schedule are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements and financial highlights schedule based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements and financial highlights schedule are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements and financial highlights schedule, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and financial highlights schedule. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and financial highlights schedule. Our procedures included confirmation of investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, by correspondence with portfolio companies and custodian(s); or by other appropriate audit procedures when replies were not received. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The supplemental schedule of consolidated changes in investments at cost and realized gain for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been subjected to audit procedures performed in conjunction with the audit of the Corporation’s financial statements. The supplemental schedule is the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our audit procedures included determining whether the supplemental schedule reconciles to the financial statements or the underlying accounting and other records, as applicable and performing procedures to test the completeness and accuracy of the information presented in the supplemental schedule. In forming our opinion on the supplemental schedule, we evaluated whether the supplemental schedule, including its form and content, is presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In our opinion, the supplemental schedule of consolidated changes in investments at cost and realized gain for the year ended December 31, 2022 is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the financial statements as a whole.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgements. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Fair-Value – Level 3 Investments

Critical Audit Matter Description

At December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Corporation’s investments categorized as Level 3 investments within the fair value hierarchy (Level 3 investments) totaled $55,096,711. Management determines the fair value of the Corporation’s Level 3 investments by applying the methodologies outlined in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements and using significant unobservable inputs and assumptions. Determining the fair value of the Level 3 investments requires management to make judgments about the valuation methodologies and significant unobservable inputs and assumptions including, among others, EBITDA multiples and revenue multiples, used in determining the fair value measurements.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Auditing the fair value of the Corporation’s Level 3 investments was complex, as the unobservable inputs and assumptions used by the Corporation are highly judgmental, are sensitive to economic factors, and could have a significant effect on the fair value measurement of such investments.

Our audit procedures included, among others, obtaining an understanding and evaluated the design of controls over the Corporation’s investment valuation process, evaluating the Corporation’s valuation methodologies, testing the significant unobservable inputs and assumptions used by the Corporation in determining the fair value of the Corporation’s Level 3 investments, and testing the mathematical accuracy of the Corporation’s valuation calculations. For Level 3 investment, we reviewed the information considered by the Board of Directors relating to the Corporation’s determination of fair value. For a selection of the Corporation’s Level 3 investments, we independently developed fair value estimates and compared them to the Corporation’s estimates. We developed our independent fair value estimates by using the respective investments financial information, which we compared to underlying source documents provided to the Corporation by the investment, and available market information from third-party sources, such as market multiples. We also evaluated subsequent events and other available information and considered whether they corroborated or contradicted the Corporation’s year-end valuations.

/s/ FREED MAXICK CPAs, P.C.

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2003.

Buffalo, New York

March 10, 2023

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Corporation maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that this information is accumulated and communicated to our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. Based on the evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.

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Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The executive officers of the Corporation are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Corporation’s internal control system is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Corporation’s executive officers and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

Our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer assessed the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on their assessment, our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer believes that, as of December 31, 2022, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Corporation to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the Corporation’s most recent quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable

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Part III

Item 10. Directors,

Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the headings “PROPOSAL 1-ELECTION OF DIRECTORS”, “DELINQUENT SECTIONS 16(a) REPORTS” and “COMMITTEES AND MEETING DATA,” provided in the Corporation’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed under Regulation 14A (the “2023 Proxy Statement”).

Item 11. Executive

Compensation

Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the Corporation’s 2023 Proxy Statement under the heading “DIRECTOR COMPENSATION” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.”

Item 12. Security

Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the Corporation’s 2023 Proxy Statement under the heading “BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SHARES.”

Item 13. Certain

Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in the Corporation’s 2023 Proxy Statement under the heading “DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE” and “RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS”.

Item 14. Principal

Accountant Fees and Services

The Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm is Freed Maxick CPAs, P.C., Buffalo, New York, PCAOB Auditor Firm ID: 317

Information concerning the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm, the audit committee’s pre-approval policy for audit services and our independent registered public accounting firm fees and services is contained in the Corporation’s 2023 Proxy Statement under the heading “INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FEES”.

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Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits

and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)

The following documents are filed as part of this report and included in Item 8:

(1)

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022

Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments as of December 31, 2022

Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments as of December 31, 2021

Financial Highlights Schedule for the five years in the period ended December 31, 2022

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Supplemental Schedule of Consolidated Changes in Investments at Cost and Realized Gain for the year ended December 31, 2022

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

(2)

FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The required financial statement Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts has been omitted because the information required is included in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

The following exhibits are filed with this report or are incorporated herein by reference to a prior filing, in accordance with Rule 12b-32 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

(2.1)

Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 27, 2021, by and between Rand Capital Sub, Inc. and Rand Capital Sub, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on December 30, 2021.

(3.1)(i)

Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(1) of Form N-2 filed with the SEC on April 22, 1997. (File No. 333-25617).

(3.1)(ii)

Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 12, 2019.

(3.1)(iii)

(3.1)(iv)

By-laws of the Corporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on November 2, 2016. (File No. 814-00235).

(4.1)

Specimen certificate of common stock certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (b) of Form N-2 filed with the SEC on April 22, 1997. (File No. 333-25617).

(4.2)

Description of Securities of Rand Capital Corporation registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC on March 9, 2020.

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(10.1)

Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 24, 2019, by and among East Asset Management LLC, Rand Capital Corporation and, solely for purposes of being bound by Sections 7.10 and 10.9(a) and (b) thereof, Rand Capital Management, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 25, 2019.

(10.2)

Investment Advisory and Management Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2020, between Rand Capital Corporation and Rand Capital Management LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 4, 2021.

(10.3)

Administration Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2020, between Rand Capital Corporation and Rand Capital Management LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 4, 2021.

(10.4)

Shareholder Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2019, by and between Rand Capital Corporation and East Asset Management, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 12, 2019.

(10.5)

Credit Agreement, dated June 27, 2022, by and between Rand Capital Corporation, as borrower, and M&T Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2022.

(10.6)

Revolving Line Note, dated June 27, 2022, by Rand Capital Corporation, as borrower, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2022.

(10.7)

Addendum to Line of Credit Note, dated June 27, 2022, by Rand Capital Corporation, as borrower, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2022.

(10.8)

Variable Rate Rider (Daily Simple SOFR), dated June 27, 2022, by Rand Capital Corporation, as borrower, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2022.

(10.9)

General Security Agreement, dated June 27, 2022, by Rand Capital Corporation and each of the subsidiaries listed therein, as debtors, in favor of Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company, as the secured party, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2022.

(21.1)#

Subsidiaries of Rand Capital Corporation.—Rand BMP Swanson Holdings Corp., Rand Carolina Skiff Holdings Corp., Rand DSD Holdings Corp., Rand Filterworks Holdings Corp., Rand FSS Holdings Corp., Rand ITA Holdings Corp., and Rand Somerset Holdings Corp.

(31.1)#

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

(31.2)#

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

(32.1)#

Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Rand Capital Corporation.

# Filed

herewith.

Item 16. Form

10-K Summary

None

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


Date: March 10, 2023	RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION

	By:	/s/ Daniel P. Penberthy
		Daniel P. Penberthy, Chief Executive Officer and President

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Corporation in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Signature/Title
(i) Principal Executive Officer:

/s/ Daniel P. Penberthy Daniel P. Penberthy / Chief Executive Office and President			March 10, 2023

(ii) Principal Accounting & Financial Officer:

/s/ Margaret W. Brechtel Margaret W. Brechtel / Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer			March 10, 2023

(iii) Directors:

/s/ Benjamin E. Godley Benjamin E. Godley/ Director			March 10, 2023

/s/ Adam S. Gusky Adam S. Gusky / Director			March 10, 2023

/s/ Cari L. Jaroslawsky Cari L. Jaroslawsky / Director			March 10, 2023

/s/ Erland E. Kailbourne Erland E. Kailbourne / Director			March 10, 2023

/s/ Robert M. Zak Robert M. Zak / Director			March 10, 2023

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