Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarter ended September 30, 2013

For the Transition Period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 814-00235

Rand Capital Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

(716) 853-0802

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ¨    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of November 1, 2013 there were 6,424,918 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-Q

2

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

As of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012

See accompanying notes

3

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 and 2012

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes

4

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 and 2012

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes

5

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS

For the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 and 2012

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes

6

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

September 30, 2013

(Unaudited)

7

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

September 30, 2013 (Continued)

(Unaudited)

8

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

September 30, 2013 (Continued)

(Unaudited)

9

Table of Contents

RAND CAPITAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULE OF PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS

September 30, 2013 (Continued)

(Unaudited)

Notes to Consolidated Schedule of Portfolio Investments

(a) At September 30, 2013 restricted securities represented approximately 96% of the fair value of the investment portfolio. Restricted securities are subject to one or more restrictions on resale and are not freely marketable. Freed Maxick CPAs, P.C. has not audited the business descriptions of the portfolio companies. Individual securities with a fair value less than $100,000 are included in “Other Investments.”

(b) The Date Acquired column indicates the year in which the Corporation acquired its first investment in the company or a predecessor company. Freed Maxick CPAs, P.C. has not audited the date acquired of the portfolio companies.

(c) Each equity percentage estimates the Corporation’s ownership interest in the applicable portfolio investment. The estimated ownership is calculated based on the percent of outstanding voting securities held by the Corporation or the potential percentage of voting securities held by the Corporation upon exercise of warrants or conversion of debentures, or other available data. Freed Maxick CPAs, P.C. has not audited the equity percentages of the portfolio companies. The symbol “<1%” indicates that the Corporation holds an equity interest of less than one percent. As of September 30, 2013, the Corporation held no equity interests of less than one percent.

(d) The investments are carried at fair value in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820 “Fair Value Measurements” which defines fair value and establishes guidelines for measuring fair value. At September 30, 2013, ASC 820 designates 4% of the Corporation’s investments as “Level 1” and 96% as “Level 3” assets. Under the valuation policy of the Corporation, unrestricted publicly held securities are valued at the average closing bid price for these securities for the last three trading days of the month. Restricted securities are subject to restrictions on resale, and are valued at fair value as determined by the management of the Corporation and submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. Fair value is considered to be the amount which the Corporation may reasonably expect to receive for portfolio securities when sold on the valuation date. Valuations as of any particular date, however, are not necessarily indicative of amounts which may ultimately be realized as a result of future sales or other dispositions of securities and these favorable or unfavorable differences could be material. Among the factors considered in determining the fair value of restricted securities are the financial condition and operating results, projected operations, and other analytical data relating to the investment. Also considered are the market prices for unrestricted securities of the same class (if applicable) and other matters which may have an impact on the value of the portfolio company (also see Note 3 “Investments” to the consolidated financial statements).

(e) These investments are non-income producing. All other investments are income producing. Non-income producing investments have not generated cash payments of interest or dividends including LLC tax related distributions within the last twelve months, or are not expected to do so going forward.

(f) As of September 30, 2013, the total cost of investment securities approximated $19 million. Net unrealized appreciation was approximately $9.1 million, which was comprised of $10.6 million of unrealized appreciation of investment securities and ($1.5) million related to unrealized depreciation of investment securities.

(g) Rand Capital SBIC, Inc. investment.

(h) Reduction in cost and value from previously reported balances reflects current principal repayment.

(i) Represents interest due (amounts over $50,000 net of reserves) from investment included as interest receivable on the Corporation’s Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2013 there were no amounts exceeding $50,000.

(j) Non-Control/Non-Affiliate investments are investments that are neither Control Investments nor Affiliated Investments.

(k) Affiliate investments are defined by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”), as those Non-Control investments in companies in which between 5% and 25% of the voting securities are owned.

(l) Control investments are defined by the 1940 Act as investments in companies in which more than 25% of the voting securities are owned or where greater than 50% of the board representation is maintained.

(m) Publicly owned company.

(n) On September 30, 2013, the Corporation’s shares of Synacor were valued at $2.58 per share in accordance with the Corporation’s valuation policy for unrestricted publicly held securities (Level 1).

10

Table of Contents

Rand Capital Corporation and Subsidiary

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 and 2012

(Unaudited)

Note 1. ORGANIZATION

Rand Capital Corporation (“Rand”) was incorporated under the laws of New York in February 1969. Rand operates as a publicly traded, closed-end, diversified management company that has elected to be treated as a business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). Rand Capital SBIC, Inc. (“Rand SBIC”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rand, operating as a small business investment company (“SBIC”) and licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The predecessor of Rand SBIC had originally been organized as a Delaware limited partnership, and was converted into a New York corporation on December 31, 2008, at which time its operations as a licensed SBIC were continued by the newly formed corporation under its current name. Rand SBIC’s board of directors is comprised of the directors of Rand, a majority of whom are not “interested persons” of Rand or Rand SBIC. Rand and its wholly-owned subsidiary Rand SBIC are referred to herein, collectively, as the “Corporation”.

The Corporation is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “Rand”.

Rand operates Rand SBIC for the same investment purposes and with investments in similar loan and equity securities as Rand. The operations of Rand SBIC are consolidated with those of Rand for both financial reporting and tax purposes.

On February 28, 2012, the SEC granted an Order of Exemption for Rand with respect to the operations of Rand SBIC to permit certain joint transactions that would otherwise be prohibited by the 1940 Act, but which would not be prohibited if Rand and Rand SBIC were a single entity and to permit an exemption from separate reporting requirements for Rand SBIC under Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Act (the “Exchange Act”). At that time, although Rand SBIC was operated as if it were a BDC, it was registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Upon the Corporation’s receipt of the order granting the exemption, on March 28, 2012, Rand SBIC filed an election to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act pursuant to which it may now engage in certain transactions which would be permitted if Rand and Rand SBIC were operated as a single entity, but which are not permitted between a parent BDC and a wholly-owned subsidiary BDC without specific exemptions.

Note 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation—In Management’s opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in audited annual financial statements prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been omitted; however, the Corporation believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The interim results for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year.

These statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes included in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. Information contained in this filing should also be reviewed in conjunction with the Corporation’s related filings with the SEC prior to the date of this report. Those filings include, but are not limited to, the following:

11

Table of Contents

The Corporation’s website is www.randcapital.com. The Corporation’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, charters for the Corporation’s Board committees and other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) are available through the Corporation’s website.

Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rand and its wholly-owned subsidiary Rand SBIC. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Temporary cash investments having an original maturity of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents.

Financial Instruments—The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest receivable and payable and other receivables and payables, approximates fair value due to the relative short maturities of these financial instruments. The Company’s investments, including loan and debt securities and equity securities, are carried at their estimated fair value (See Note 3). The carrying amount of the SBA debentures approximates fair value because stated interest rates approximate current interest rates that are available for debt with similar terms.

Revenue Recognition—Interest Income—Interest income generally is recognized on the accrual basis except where the investment is in default or otherwise presumed to be in doubt. In such cases, the loan is placed on non-accrual status and interest income is recognized at the time of receipt. A reserve for possible losses on interest receivables is maintained when appropriate.

The Rand SBIC interest accrual is also regulated by the SBA’s “Accounting Standards and Financial Reporting Requirements for Small Business Investment Companies.” Under these rules interest income cannot be recognized if collection is doubtful, and a 100% reserve must be established. The collection of interest is presumed to be in doubt when there is substantial doubt about a portfolio company’s ability to continue as a going concern or the loan is in default for more than 120 days. Management also uses other qualitative and quantitative measures to determine the value of a portfolio investment and the collectability of any accrued interest.

Revenue Recognition—Dividend Income—The Corporation may receive distributions from portfolio companies that are limited liability companies and corporations and these distributions are classified as dividend income on the statement of operations. Dividend income is recognized on an accrual basis when it can be reasonably estimated.

Original Issue Discount—Investments may include “original issue discount” or OID income. This occurs when the Corporation purchases a warrant and a note from a portfolio company simultaneously, which requires an allocation of a portion of the purchase price to the warrant and reduces the note or debt instrument by an equal amount in the form of a note discount or OID. The note is reported net of the OID and the OID is accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. The Corporation recognized $11,619 and $15,988 in OID income for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Deferred Debenture Costs—SBA debenture origination and commitment costs, which are included in other assets, are amortized ratably over the terms of the SBA debentures and are expensed when the debt is repaid. Amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 was $32,238 and $59,902, respectively.

12

Table of Contents

SBA Leverage—The Corporation had $5,500,000 and $4,900,000 in outstanding SBA leverage at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The Corporation repaid $900,000 in SBA leverage during the nine months ended September 30, 2013. The $5,500,000 in outstanding leverage at September 30, 2013 matures in 2022 and 2023. The remaining undrawn SBA commitment at September 30, 2013 is $2,500,000 and expires on September 30, 2016. Subsequent to September 30, 2013, the Corporation received proceeds from SBA debentures in the amount of $1,500,000.

Net Assets per Share—Net assets per share are based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding. There are no common stock equivalents.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information—Income taxes paid, net of refunds, during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 were $963,589 and $15,296, respectively. Interest paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 was $128,083 and $135,870, respectively. The Corporation converted $245,501 and $84,655 of interest receivable into investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Accounting Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Stockholders’ Equity (Net Assets)—At September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, there were 500,000 shares of $10.00 par value preferred stock authorized and unissued.

On November 1, 2012, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 500,000 shares of the Corporation’s outstanding common stock on the open market at prices no greater than the then current net asset value through November 1, 2013. The Corporation repurchased 185,318 shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 for a total cost of $546,541 and an average cost of $2.95/share. The Corporation had previously purchased 208,698 shares during 2012 and 44,100 during 2003 and 2002. At September 30, 2013, the total shares held in treasury were 438,116 with a total cost of $1,150,335. On October 24, 2013, the Corporation extended the stock buyback program through October 24, 2014 to accumulate up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of its common stock on the open market at prices no greater than the then current net asset value.

Profit Sharing and Stock Option Plan—In 2001 the stockholders of the Corporation authorized the establishment of an Employee Stock Option Plan (the “Option Plan”), that provides for the award of options to purchase up to 200,000 common shares to eligible employees. In 2002, the Corporation placed the Option Plan on inactive status as it developed a new profit sharing plan for the Corporation’s employees in connection with the formation of its SBIC subsidiary. As of September 30, 2013, no stock options had been awarded under the Option Plan. Because Section 57(n) of the 1940 Act prohibits maintenance of a profit sharing plan for the officers and employees of a BDC where any option, warrant or right is outstanding under an executive compensation plan, no options will be granted under the Option Plan while any profit sharing plan is in effect with respect to the Corporation.

In 2002, the Corporation established a Profit Sharing Plan (the “Plan”) for its executive officers in accordance with Section 57(n) of the 1940 Act. Under the Plan, the Corporation will pay its executive officers aggregate profit sharing payments equal to 12% of the net realized capital gains of its SBIC subsidiary, net of all realized capital losses and unrealized depreciation of the SBIC subsidiary, for the fiscal year, computed in accordance with the Plan and the Corporation’s interpretation of the Plan. Any profit sharing paid or accrued cannot exceed 20% of the Corporation’s net income, as defined. The profit sharing payments are split equally between the Corporation’s two executive officers, each of whom is fully vested in the Plan.

13

Table of Contents

There were no amounts earned pursuant to the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and $144,000 was earned and accrued pursuant to the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2012. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Corporation approved and accrued $246,000 under the Plan, which was paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2013.

Income Taxes—The Corporation reviews the tax positions it has taken to determine if they meet a “more likely than not threshold” for the benefit of the tax position to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements. A tax position that fails to meet the more likely than not recognition threshold will result in the recording of either a reduction of an income tax receivable or a deferred tax asset, or an income tax payable or a deferred tax liability.

It is the Corporation’s policy to include interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities in income tax expense. There were no amounts recognized for interest or penalties related to tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 or 2012.

The Corporation is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012. In general, the Corporation’s state income tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ended December 31, 2009 through 2012. The Corporation does not expect that the amounts of uncertain tax positions will change significantly within the next 12 months.

Concentration of Credit and Market Risk—The Corporation’s financial instruments potentially subject it to concentrations of credit risk. Cash is invested with banks in amounts which, at times, exceed insurable limits. Management does not anticipate non-performance by the banks.

At September 30, 2013 Gemcor II, LLC (Gemcor), Liazon Corporation (Liazon), Microcision, LLC (Microcision), BinOptics Corporation (Binoptics) and Carolina Skiff LLC (Carolina Skiff) represented 36%, 7%, 7%, 6% and 5%, respectively, of the fair value of the Corporation’s investment portfolio.

Note 3. INVESTMENTS

The Corporation’s investments are carried at fair value in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, “fair value measurements and disclosures”, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

Loan investments are defined as traditional loan financings with no equity features. Debt investments are defined as debt financings that include one or more equity features such as conversion rights, stock purchase warrants, and/or stock purchase options. A financing may also be categorized as a debt financing if it is accompanied by the direct purchase of an equity interest in the company.

The Corporation uses several approaches to determine the fair value of an investment. The main approaches are:

14

Table of Contents

The loan and debt securities may also be valued at an amount other than the price the security would command in order to provide a yield to maturity equivalent to the current yield of similar debt securities. A loan or debt instrument may be reduced in value if it is judged to be of poor quality, collection is in doubt or insufficient liquidation proceeds exist.

ASC 820 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, used in the Corporation’s valuation at the measurement date.

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other observable inputs other than quoted prices.

Level 3: Unobservable and significant inputs to determining the fair value.

Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, which is not necessarily an indication of risks associated with the investment.

Any changes in estimated fair value are recorded in the statement of operations as “Net (decrease) increase in unrealized appreciation.”

Under the valuation policy, the Corporation values unrestricted publicly held securities at the average closing bid price for the last three trading days of the month.

In the valuation process, the Corporation values private securities, categorized as Level 3 investments, using financial information from these portfolio companies, which may include:

15

Table of Contents

This information is used to determine financial condition, performance, and valuation of the portfolio companies. The valuation may be reduced if a portfolio company’s performance and potential have deteriorated significantly. If the factors which led to a reduction in valuation are overcome, the valuation may be readjusted.

Equity Securities

Equity Securities may include Preferred Stock, Common Stock, Warrants and Limited Liability Company Interests.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s equity investments are EBITDA and revenue multiples where applicable, the financial and operational performance of the business, or the senior equity preferences which may exist in a deemed liquidation event. Standard industry multiples may be used when available, however the Corporation’s portfolio companies are typically small and in early stages of development and these industry standards may be adjusted to more closely match the specific financial and operational performance of the portfolio company. Due to the nature of certain investments, fair value measurements may be based on other criteria, which may include third party appraisals. Significant changes to the unobservable inputs, such as variances in financial performance from expectations, may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

Another key factor used in valuing equity investments is recent arms-length equity transactions with unrelated new investors entered into by the portfolio company. Many times the terms of these equity transactions may not be identical to the equity transactions between the portfolio company and the Corporation, and the impact of the difference in transaction terms on the market value of the portfolio company may be difficult or impossible to quantify.

When appropriate the Black-Scholes pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of warrants for GAAP accounting purposes. This model requires the use of highly subjective inputs including expected volatility and expected life, in addition to variables for the valuation of minority equity positions in small private and early stage companies. Significant increases or decreases in any of these unobservable inputs would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

For recent investments, the Corporation generally relies on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent the fair value, unless other fair market value inputs are identified causing the Corporation to depart from this basis.

Loan and Debt Securities

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s debt securities are the financial and operational performance of the portfolio company, similar debt with similar terms with other portfolio companies, as well as the market acceptance for the portfolio company’s products or services. These inputs will provide an indicator as to the probability of principal recovery of the investment. The Corporation’s debt investments will often be junior secured or unsecured debt securities. Fair value may also be determined based on other criteria where appropriate. Significant changes to the unobservable inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. For recent investments, the Corporation generally relies on the cost basis, which is deemed to represent the fair value, unless other fair market value inputs are identified causing the Corporation to depart from this level.

16

Table of Contents

The following table provides a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value the Corporation’s Level 3 portfolio investments as of September 30, 2013:

The following table provides a summary of the components of Level 1, 2 and 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at September 30, 2013:

The following table provides a summary of the components of Level 1, 2 and 3 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at December 31, 2012:

17

Table of Contents

The following table provides a summary of changes in Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) for the nine months ended September 30, 2013:

18

Table of Contents

The following table provides a summary of changes in Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) for the nine months ended September 30, 2012: