JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) (l) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the attached Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, and expressly authorize Invesco Ltd., as the ultimate parent company of each of its undersigned subsidiaries, to file such Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, on behalf of each of them.
Dated: 12/31/2013
Invesco Ltd.
By: /s/ Lisa Brinkley
Name: Lisa Brinkley
Title: Global Assurance Officer
Invesco Advisers, Inc.
By: /s/ Todd L. Spillane
Name: Todd L. Spillane
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Canada Ltd.
By: /s/ Daniela Nalli
Name: Daniela Nalli
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco National Trust Company
By: /s/ Kevin Lyman
Name: Kevin Lyman
Title: General Counsel
Invesco Hong Kong Limited
By: /s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal AP
Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH
By: /s/ Stephanie Ehrenfried
Name: Stephanie Ehrenfried
Title: Head of Legal Continental Europe & Cross-Border Funds
Invesco Asset Management Limited
By: /s/ Ross Maclean
Name: Ross Maclean
Title: Director of UK Compliance
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
By: /s/ Matthieu Grosclaude
Name: Matthieu Grosclaude
Title: Deputy-CEO
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
By: /s/ Bemard Aybran
Name: Bernard Aybran
Title: Deputy-CEO
Invesco Asset Management Osterreich GmbH
By: /s/ Thomas Kraus
Name: Thomas Kraus
Title: Head of Sales
Invesco Management S.A.
By: /s/ Stefano Pierantozzi
Name: Stefano Pierantozzi
Title: Head of Compliance Luxembourg
Invesco Taiwan Limited
By: /s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited
By: /s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Global Asset Management Limited
By: /s/ Marie-Hélène Boulanger
Name: Marie-Hélène Boulanger
Title: Head of Risk Governance
Stein Roe Investment Counsel, Inc.
By: /s/ Greg Campbell
Name: Greg Campbell
Title: General Counsel
Invesco PowerShares Capital Management
By: /s/ Deanna Marotz
Name: Deanna Marotz
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Investment Advisers, LLC
By: /s/ Jesse Frazier
Name: Jesse Frazier
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Australia Ltd.
By: /s/ Jane Stewart
Name: Jane Stewart
Title: Compliance Manager